Contents 7 Synchronization

In another extractor (Automatic Machinery and Electronics Inc. (AMC)) the individual fmits are cut in half as they pass a stationary knife. The halves are oriented in a vertical plane, picked up by synthetic mbber cups, and positioned across plastic serrated reamers revolving in a synchronized carrier in a vertical plane. As the fmit halves progress around the extractor turntable, the rotating reamers exert increasing pressure and express the juice. The oil and pulp contents in the juice increase with greater reaming pressure. The recoverable oil is removed in a separate step prior to juice extraction. Needle-sharp spikes prick the peel of the whole fmit, releasing oil that is washed away with water and recovered from the oil—water emulsion. 

Soak tests with chlorine were carried out in heavy walled pyrex test chambers of approximately 28 liter capacity. The contents were stirred magnetically by six synchronized stirring bars. Membrane samples were hung from the Incite lid by pyrex hooks. 

The ENS functions in a semiautonomous manner, utilizing input from the motor outflow of the ANS for modulation of GI activity and sending sensory information back to the CNS. The ENS provides the necessary synchronization of impulses that, for example, ensures forward, not backward, propulsion of gut contents and relaxation of sphincters when the gut wall contracts. 

The contention that the thalamocortical system is essential to the synchronous activation of the forebrain and hence to consciousness is supported by the loss of consciousness in subjects with disease destruction of the thalamus and by the capacity to restore consciousness by activating the thalamocortical system if that system (and of course, the cortex) is intact. The case of Karen Ann Quinlan is well known her profound coma was caused by a very small, restricted thalamic lesion and was irreversible because the thalamocortical system could not be activated by any known means. 

In the S. cerevisiae synchronous culture, an increased P uptake from the culture medium during DNA synthesis was observed (Gillies et al., 1981). At a high level of external Pi, this uptake provided the necessary phosphorus level in cells and the 31P NMR-visible PolyP remained constant. However, if the external Pi content was low, this PolyP was consumed, acting as a substitute for the phosphate reserve (Gillies et al., 1981). 

Figure 8.14 Changes in the content of nucleic acids, phospholipids, Pi and PolyPs, and the activities of exopolyphosphatase (PolyPase) and pyrophosphatase (PPase) during synchronous growth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Kulaev et al., 1973b) (a) 1, number of cells PL, phospholipids OP, P J P, total phosphate (b) PPi, acid-soluble polyphosphate PP2, salt-soluble polyphosphate (c) PP3, alkali-soluble polyphosphate PP4, hot-perchloric-acid-soluble polyphosphate JZPolyP, total polyphosphate.

To illustrate the technical content of this formula, two figures (Figs 6.56 and 6.57) are given for 50cps, motors with 2, 4 and 6 (or more) poles and for 60 cps, motors with 2, 4, 6 and 8 (or more) poles. For simplification, the synchronous speed has been given for the maximum rated speed, neglecting the motor s slippage. 

Nerve impulses are communicated across most synapses by small, diffusible molecules called neurotransmitters, of which one is acetylcholine, referred to as a cholinergic neurotransmitter because it is derived from choline (Section 12.3.1). The presynaptic membrane of a synapse is separated from the postsynaptic membrane by a gap of about 50 nm, called the synaptic cleft. The end of the presynaptic axon is filled with synaptic vesicles, each containing about 10 acetylcholine molecules (Figure 13.14). The arrival of a nerve impulse leads to the synchronous export of the contents of some 300 vesicles, which raises the acetylcholine concentration in the cleft from 10 nM to 500 iM in less than a millisecond. The binding of acetylcholine to the postsynaptic membrane markedly changes its ionic permeabilities... 

The hard part is to make a receiver that can synchronize perfectly to the chaotic transmitter. In Cuomo s set-up, the receiver is an identical Lorenz circuit, driven in a certain clever way by the transmitter. We ll get into the details later, but for now let s content ourselves with the experimental fact that synchronized chaos does occur. Figure 9.6.2 plots thereceivervariables u t) and v t) against their transmitter counterparts u(t) and v(z). 

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