Contamination by radioactive

Equipment or system components generating radiation or contaminated by radioactive materials... 

Overseeing of clean-up of sites contaminated by radioactive material... 

Myttenaere, C., Bordeau, P. and Bittel, R. (1969a). Relative importance of water and soil in the indirect radiocaesium and radiocobalt contamination of irrigated rice fields, page 175 in Agricultural end Public Health Aspects of Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/226 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Radiolysis of water is, at least for today, inherently limited due to the use of radioactive materials by which the product stream could be contaminated by radioactive species. Consequently while... 

EXAMPLE 2.8 Remediation of sediments contaminated by radioactivity (unsteady, onedimensional solution to pulse boundary conditions with reaction)... 

Levy, H. B., "On Evaluating the Hazards of Groundwater Contamination by Radioactivity from an Underground Nuclear Explosion," Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51278, (September 18, 1972). 

A procedme of preventing environment contamination by radioactive products dming the decontamination process has been worked through. 

Hijama, Y. and Shimizu, M. Uptake of radioactive nuclides by aquatic organisms the application of the exponential model, p. 463-476, Jn "Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials," Proc. Seminar, IAEA, Vienna, 1969. 

Low-level wastes (LEW) contain a negligible amount of long-lived radionuclides. Produced by peaceful nuclear activities in industry, medicine, research, and by nuclear power operations, such wastes may include items such as packaged gloves, rags, glass, small tools, paper, and filters which have been contaminated by radioactive material. Disposal in near-surface structures or shallow burial is practised widely. 

After the Chemobyl-accident many food products had been contaminated by radioactivity. A first regulation 1707/86 had established limits for Cs 134 and 137 in Bq/ kg. This regulation has been replaced by Council Regulation (Euratom) No 3954/87 [87[. This regulation is of special importance for raw materials originating from Eastern Europe countries. 

Air extracted from areas where radioactive products are handled should not be recirculated air outlets should be designed to avoid possible environmental contamination by radioactive particles and gases. There should be a system to prevent air entering the clean area through extract ducts e.g., when the extract fan is not operating. 

Air extracted from areas where radioactive products are handled should not be recirculated air outlets should be designed to avoid possible environmental contamination by radioactive particles and gases. 

In April 1986, global contamination by radioactive nuclides was caused by the Chernobyl accident. Contamination in the environment has been studied during the years since the... 

Clearly, an exploded nuclear device could result in a lot of property damage. People would be killed or injured from the blast and might be contaminated by radioactive material. Many people could have symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. After a nuclear explosion, radioactive fallout would extend over a large region far from the point of impact, potentially increasing people s risk of developing cancer over time. 

Advising state and local health departments on how to protect people, animals, and food and water supplies from contamination by radioactive materials Providing technical assistance and consultation to state and local health departments on medical treatment, follow-up, and decontamination of victims exposed to radioactive materials Establishing and maintaining a registry of people exposed to or contaminated by radioactive materials... 

Prevention of lead contamination by radioactivity by lining lead containers with disposable plastic or by using... 

There is a difference between being exposed to radiation and being contaminated by radioactive material. Persons who have been exposed to radiation are not radioactive and are not dangerous to rescuers or medical personnel. Persons who have radioactive contamination of their skin or clothes will be radioactive until the clothes are removed and the material is washed from their skin. A person who has ingested a radioactive material may or may not be dangerous to others, depending on the penetrating power of the particle or wave involved. One way to think of the difference between exposure and contamination is the barnyard example. If you smell a cow pile, you have been exposed. If you step in a cow pile, you have been contaminated. 

Even if the explosion of a dirty bomb caused few immediate casualties, there is the fear of long-term health risks as well as the astronomical cost of cleanup of a site contaminated by radioactive material. 

Plants can be contaminated by receiving radionuclides with nutrient solutions from water and soil. Also, soils can be contaminated by radioactive atmospheric precipitation and dust. In this way contamination is transferred to animals, since the contaminated plants are their forage. Animals can also be contaminated from the hydrosphere by drinking water. 

Intestinal strontium absorption is also affected by chelating agents. Within this group sodium alginates are of main interest because they have been proven to inhibit the intestinal absorption of strontium, without an appreciable effect on calcium absorption [37,38]. In this respect, they can be a useful tool in the treatment of contamination by radioactive isotopes of strontium. 

Blaylock, B. G. 1966. Cytogenetic study of a natural population of Chironomus inhabiting an area contaminated by radioactive waste, pp. 835-845. In Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. Publ. No. STI/ PUB/126. 

PIECHOWSKI, J., Evaluation of systemic exposure resulting from wounds contaminated by radioactive products, Indian Bull. Radiat. Prot. 18 1-2 (1995) 8-14. 

Gaseous radioactive waste arises when air becomes contaminated or when gases that are present or used in the facility become contaminated by radioactive aerosols, vapours or gases, or when constituents of a gas become activated in passing through the reactor core or in close proximity to it. 

McLintock, I.S. and J.L. Young. 1977. Laboratory contamination by radioactive iodine. Lancet 2 769-770. 

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