Contaminants of drugs

First of all, in the general part, the supply of herbal drugs and herbal mixtures, the indications and possible treatments, are dealt with, as well as explaining herbal preparations, how to make the lea, storage, and authentication. Short sections are devoted to the Standard Licences and the contamination of drugs (microbiological, heavy metal, fumigation, radioactive substances). 

Since the disaster with the reactor at Chernobyl in May 1986, the contamination of drugs with radioactive substances has regularly been the subject of research reports. In the meantime, in the Huropean Community, the maximum value has been fixed at 600 Bq/kg, a figure which also guides the drug... 

Previously, Chapter 2 examined the importance of the organisation, training and educational qualifications of personal as core elements of quality systems in general. Personal hy ene is a specific additional aspect that must be addressed to prevent the contamination of drugs. Training and practices must be adopted so as to achieve ... 

The section on components deals with all materials that may be used in the manufacture, processing, and packaging of drug products, plus materials used for maintenance of the building and equipment. They must be stored and handled in a safe, sanitary, and orderly manner. These precautions are needed to prevent mix-ups and cross-contamination of drugs and drug products. All items should be held until they have been sampled and tested according to the company s specifications and not released until the tests have been completed. In this section it is required that ... 

An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batch fails to conform to established specifications and yet the manufacturer distributed it anyway. Deliberately blending API batches to dilute or hide noxious contaminant or filth or failing to determine actual yield and percentages of expected yields. Contamination of drugs with toxic chemicals, drug residues, airborne contaminants, or filth. 

D occupational exposure Comments 3 contamination of drug 4 drug outdated 5 interaction of two or more drugs (date and cause of death) Exnlatn 3 Still under Treatment 5 Autopsy (Describe in item 5)... 

The drug manufacturing enterprises shall be situated in a clean environment. The surface of the ground and roads, and transportation in production areas shall not cause any contamination of drug products. The general layout of the production, administration, living, and ancillary areas shall be planned in a rational way, precluding interference from each other. 

The licensee shall prevent cross-contamination of drugs with sex hormones, coticosteriods, B. Lactum antibiotics, antineoplastic drugs by appropriate methods, which may include ... 

C. The work room for the drying and sterilization of drug containers after washing shall be used exclusively for that purpose. Proviso This provision shall not apply when there is no risk of contamination of drug containers after washing. 

In the case of the API interface, both the electrospray and APCI modes are soft ionisation techniques which leave the molecular ion (or pseudomolecular ion) intact without much fragmentation. The interface therefore offers more sensitivity and is ideal for quantitative work at low levels (e.g., contamination of drug and food matrices by polymer additives/ breakdown products). 

Many authors reported poor elimination of antiepileptic drug carbamazepine [6,13,17,49, 54]. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that only 1-2% of carbamazepine is excreted unmetabolized. However, glucuronide conjugates of carbamazepine can presumably be cleaved in the sewage, and thus increase its environmental concentrations [51]. This is confirmed by its high ubiquity in the enviromnent at concentration levels of several hundred nanograms per liter in different surface waters. Due to its recalcitrant nature, it can be used as anthropogeiuc marker for the contamination of aquatic environment. 

FDA. 1998. Accidental radioactive contamination of human food and animal feed Recommendations for state and local agencies. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 

Class I recalls are those that have been judged to present a serious threat to the health of the consumer. Examples of this type of recall include brewers yeast tablets (product contaminated with Salmonella), defective pacemakers (electronically unsafe), and numerous cases of mislabeling of drug substances, such as the belladonna alkaloids [20]. 

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