Large-scale containment facility

PANDA is a large scale facility, which has been constructed at the Paul Scherrer Institute for the investigations of both overall dynamic response and the key phenomena of passive containment systems during long term heat removal phase for Advanced Light Water Reactors. 

In those jurisdictions where money is specifically collected from consumers to underwrite the costs of recycling plastic containers, funds may be available to offset some costs of depolymerization. If bottles are provided at no cost at the sorting/baling facility, an economically attractive venture can be contemplated, but still at a large scale. Securing the feed on a long-term basis at a favorable price will require significant co-operation. 

The transportable vitrification system (TVS) is a large-scale, fully integrated ex sim vitrification system that treats low-level and mixed wastes in the form of sludges, soils, incinerator ash, and many other waste streams. The unit is designed to be transportable and easily decontaminated. Slurried or dry feed is mixed with glass formers, and the glass product is continuously poured into steel containers that are cooled, stored, and eventually disposed in low-level radioactive burial facilities. 

Large-scale recovery of light oil was commercialized in England, Germany, and the United States toward the end of the nineteenth century (151). Industrial coal-tar production dates from the earliest operation of coal-gas facilities. The principal bulk commodities derived from coal tar are wood-preserving oils, road tars, industrial pitches, and coke. Naphthalene is obtained from tar oils by crystallization, tar acids are derived by extraction of tar oils with caustic, and tar bases by extraction with sulfuric acid. Coal tars generally contain less than 1% benzene and toluene, and may contain up to 1% xylene. The total U.S. production of BTX from coke-oven operations is insignificant compared to petroleum product consumptions. 

Table 26.4 Large-scale feedstock recycling facilities of plastic containers and packaging in 2003...

The above reaction occurs rapidly at pH levels below 3. Because the acidic properties of ferrous sulfate are low at high dilutions, acid must be added for pH adjustment. The ferrous sulfate reducing process generates large volumes of sludge and thus its use is rare in large-scale treatment facilities. In addition, the use of ferrous sulfate to treat chromate wastes containing cyanide results in the formation of very stable ferrocyanide complexes, which prevent subsequent effective cyanide treatment. 

Bulk phosgene is kept in underground storage tanks of double shell construction in some facilities [1488]. This provides containment in the event of a leak from the inner wall, and protection from mechanical damage to the outer wall. If the outer shell also develops a leak then the surrounding earth would prevent a large scale release of gas [1488]. 

Special collection systems are generally provided for large-scale or commercial postconsumer applications such as for agricultural films, chemical containers, automotive parts, carpets, and polystyrene foam packaging. Since most of the plastic is collected as multimaterial or in commingled forms, the collected plastic waste has to be sorted, separated, and cleaned, and most of this is done at material recovery facilities (MRFs). 

Catalyst pilot production plants have process and equipment facilities that are similar to equipment used in the large scale plant as listed in Table 2, but at the kg capacity scale typically 10-50 kg/day. Equipment in a catalyst pilot production is to a great extent industrial equipment downscaled by a factor 50-1000. It is necessary that equipment can easily be moved, so flexible production lines of new combinations of unit operations can be arranged. A modern pilot plant will contain most of the equipment listed in Table 2. 

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