Constitution, Article 1, Section

United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8.1 believe the US Constitution was the first constitution to call for patent laws as a way of stimulating science and inventions. 

The major secondary sources of literature are listed in Table I. The single most important item is the two-volume compendium edited by Kochi 126). It will be noticed that the role of organic free radicals in transition metal chemistry, except for Co(II) derivatives, is a rather new area and constitutes a major theme of our article (Sections III-V). With regard to metal-centered radicals (Section II), we concentrate particularly on those that have considerable kinetic stability, e.g., Sn[CH(SiMe3)2].-i, another recent development 48). 

Lipid A constitutes the covalently bound lipid component and the least variable component of LPS (25). It anchors LPS to the bacterial cell by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces and mediates or contributes to many of the functions and activities that LPS exerts in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the following sections, the primary structure of lipid A of different Gram-negative bacteria is described, together with some of its characteristic biological properties. Furthermore, this article describes some of the principal methods that have been used for the structural analysis of lipid A and discusses their merits and limitations. 

Besides the two most well-known cases, the local bifurcations of the saddle-node and Hopf type, biochemical systems may show a variety of transitions between qualitatively different dynamic behavior [13, 17, 293, 294, 297 301]. Transitions between different regimes, induced by variation of kinetic parameters, are usually depicted in a bifurcation diagram. Within the chemical literature, a substantial number of articles seek to identify the possible bifurcation of a chemical system. Two prominent frameworks are Chemical Reaction Network Theory (CRNT), developed mainly by M. Feinberg [79, 80], and Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA), developed by B. L. Clarke [81 83]. An analysis of the (local) bifurcations of metabolic networks, as determinants of the dynamic behavior of metabolic states, constitutes the main topic of Section VIII. In addition to the scenarios discussed above, more complicated quasiperiodic or chaotic dynamics is sometimes reported for models of metabolic pathways [302 304]. However, apart from few special cases, the possible relevance of such complicated dynamics is, at best, unclear. Quite on the contrary, at least for central metabolism, we observe a striking absence of complicated dynamic phenomena. To what extent this might be an inherent feature of (bio)chemical systems, or brought about by evolutionary adaption, will be briefly discussed in Section IX. 

During the course of the article, we will present evidence that the histones constitute part of a self-assembly system (Section IV). In the absence of DNA they retain the information to interact with each other to form a hierarchy of structures with dimensions, periodicities, and intermolecular contacts, compatible with what is known about the protein core of chromatin. This strongly suggests that histone-histone interactions have a fundamental role in chromatin structure. 

The CPMP [now replaced by Committee for Medicinal Products for Human use (CHMP) -see Section 17.2.4 below] was the pharmaceutical advisory committee to the EC in respect of human medicinal products. It had an elected chairman and was constituted of two members from each Member State. This old CPMP met for the first time on 26 November 1976. Its last meeting was on 13-14 December 1994. Article 1 of Council... 

The appellants argued that the Cleveland law placed too great a restriction on rights specifled in Section 4, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution, which... 

In the following sections of this article we first define the terms necessary to identify a chemical system. After this, the use of an algebraic technique is developed for the expression of general reaction mechanisms and is compared with the previous treatments just mentioned. Next, a combinatorial method is used to determine all physically acceptable reaction mechanisms. This theoretical treatment is followed by a series of examples of increasing complexity. These examples have been chosen to illustrate the technique and for comparison with previous studies. They do not constitute a survey of all the most significant studies concerned with the mechanisms illustrated. Finally, a discussion is presented of the relationship of the present treatment to studies concerned with thermodynamics, and of the relationship between kinetics and mechanisms. 

The format follows that of the earlier review. The subject of synthesis, however, which formerly constituted a separate chapter, is included in this work, and other coverage has been expanded, particularly in the areas of plant biochemistry and pharmacology. The tabulation of all known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been revised and updated. A section listing other major review articles on these alkaloids is also included, and the reader may wish to consult some of these for extensive physical data. In keeping with the original purpose of this treatise, we have tried for a comprehensive overview, with strong emphasis on the specific chemistry of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, rather than an exhaustively detailed presentation. 

The first door which must be opened on the difficult path to patentability is the utility requirement.3 The utility requirement in U.S. patent law traces its origins to the Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which states To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries (emphasis added). The utility requirement has been legislatively codified in 35 USC 101 ... 

Oxidation reactions on the sulfur atom of penicillins remain the most important reactivity of S-1 encountered in the literature. Penam sulfoxides and sulfones are indeed important compounds as they confer to the skeleton an ease of thiazolidine ring opening by weakening the C(5)-S(l) and S(l)-C(2) bonds (see Section 2.03.5.9) <2004CHE816>. In particular, the former constitute key intermediates in ring-expansion transformations from penams to cephems (see Section 2.03.5.9), while the latter have a special biological interest as /3-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., sulbactam, tazobactam see Sections 2.03.1, 2.03.5.2, and 2.03.12.4). Since CHEC-II(1996) covers all the aspects of these oxidation reactions on the S-1 atom of penicillins, this section focuses on the most relevant recent papers. As there is no particular change in the subject, only a few articles have been released since 1995. 

The chemistry of Mo(II) and W(II) alkyne monomers constitutes the remainder of this article. Among the array of syntheses, structures, spectroscopic properties, and reactions, two sections deserve advertising. 

The specific requirement of utility stems from the Constitutional Mandate of Article I, Section 8, and has been present in every Patent Act since the Act of 1790. The authority granted Congress is limited by the express requirement that the power be used to promote the progress of. . . useful arts. ... 

Interference practice is derived from certain U.S. statutes (18) enacted pursuant to Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution. Its underlying principle is that there can be only one valid patent for an invention. 

In its Article 5, Section 1, Clause 3, the current German Constitution (Grundgesetz, or GG) prohibits censorship. Section 2 of that same Article, however, limits this freedom from censorship as per the regulations imposed by general laws , among other things. A fundamental human right can... 

Therefore, under the terms of Article 201, Section 1 Subsection a.) of the Constitution, the government decrees as follows ... 

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