Conservation supply curves

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA Conservation Supply Curves (with Arthur H. Rosenfeld)... 

A micro supply curve of conserved energy for a large commercial refrigerator. Each step represents a conservation measure. The numbers above the steps are keyed to the measure descriptions in the legend. Note that measures 1-4 are cost-effective because the cost of conserved energy is less than the energy price. If energy prices rise, then measures 6 and 7 may also become cost-effective. 

Consistent bookkeeping is also an important feature of the macro supply curve of conserved energy. Each measure requires, in addition to the data used to calculate the CCE data on the stocks of equipment, turnover rates, etc. The consistent inputs encourage... 

A macro supply curve of conserved electricity tor the U.S. residential sector. Key assumptions are given inside the chart. This supply curve shows estimated savings potentials from 304 different measures. The associated table describing the measures is too long to present here, but certain measures with numbers on top of them are noteworthy from a policy perspective. For example, measure 80 is conversion from conventional water heaters to heat pump water heaters. 

There are several reasons to work with dilute solutions of enzyme. First, there is the obvious practical issue of conserving what is often a precious supply of enzyme that has been obtained with some labor and cost. Second, dilution can aid in eliminating unwanted interactions, thereby linearizing the rate vs enzyme curve as described above. Finally, it may be difficult to make measurements of initial rates in steady state unless the enzyme preparation is sufficiently dilute. If too much substrate is converted in the time required to make the measurement, then one must slow the reaction, and this is typically done by reducing the amount of enzyme in the assay. Transient kinetic methods typically require the use of concentrated enzyme solutions. Hence, these methods are seldom used until after basic understanding of the reaction mechanism has been obtained through steady-state kinetic methods, and critical tests can be designed to elucidate further the mechanism by transient kinetic methods. 

Altogether/ Samir went on, we can put perhaps ten, perhaps twelve thousand effective combat troops into Palestine. We know that the Syrian Army is not efficient, and we do not think the Lebanese can do very much. We can count on the Egyptians for perhaps a couple of battalions, a few guns and a few aircraft—no more. And we ourselves have thirty days ammunition and supplies. So if we are to win, we must win quickly. Say in two weeks we must have a decision. Otherwise we shall be on the downward curve of our supply situation, and we must begin to conserve our expenditures. ... 

The heat supplied to the primary system is principally the core decay heat, set equal to the one given by the ANS curve minus 5 per cent, according to a suggestion by Tong (1982) intended to originate better approximation evaluations (best estimates) as opposed to very conservative evaluations. This curve can be multiplied by a factor higher than one, foreseen by the program (KQD factor) in order to obtain conservative results, even if less similar to reality. (See Table A2-2.)... 

Figure 4 shows an example water system quantity restoration curve having a temporary 40 % reduction and a permanent 20 % reduction. This may result from an earthquake severely impacting water supply such as ground water wells, aqueducts, or other sources. In this example a 40 % or greater conservation is needed between times to and tj, time of earthquake strike and time when temporary SES is removed, respectively. At time ti an additional 20 % of water supply is restored, but the community must now adjust to a permanent 20 % loss in water supplies. Restoration curves similar to... 

---