Confocal visualization

V Kriete (ed) 1992 Visualization In Biomedical Microscopy, 3-d Imaging and Computer Visualization (Weinheim VCH) Wilson T (ed) 1996 Confocal Microscopy (New York Academic)... 

Figure 13.6 (a) Confocal micrograph of a circularly self-spreading lipid monolayer. A rhodamine-labeled lipid is doped to visualize the spreading behavior, (b) A schematic illustration of the front edge of the self-spreading lipid monolayer [51]. 

FIG. 1. A confocal image from a freshly isolated uterine myocyte from pregnant rat. The SR was loaded with mag-fluo-4 to show its structure and distribution. The stack of images was acquired using a Perkin Elmer Ultra VIEW LCI confocal imaging system. Images were combined to visualize the 3D distribution of the SR (A.V. Shmigol S. Wray, unpublished data). 

FIG. 3. Confocal images showing the location of the SR in live myocytes within an intact, small diameter (< 250 nm passive diameter), pressurized (70 mmHg) artery from the rat mesenteric artery arcade. The artery was loaded with Fluo-4 as the membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl ester. Some of this high-affinity, Ca2+ indicator dye is often sequestered in the SR (cf. Goldman et al 1990). The SR can then be readily visualized, especially when [Ca2+]CYx is low (as in the panels at 0 and 6.8 s), because the intra-SR dye is saturated with Ca2+, and fluoresces brightly. This artery was treated with 1.0 fim phenylephrine (PE), which caused the [Ca2+]CYT level to oscillate asynchronously in the cells seen in the centre of the panel. The cell outlines are clearly visible when [Ca2+]CYT tiscs, as in the panels at 3.4 and 10.2 s. Note that nearly all of the SR (the very bright areas, especially in the 0 and 3.4 s panels) lies parallel to, and immediately beneath the PL (from Miriel at al 1999, with permission). 

We carefully dissected rat tail arteries and loaded them with a Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3. After a rectangular glass capillary was inserted into the lumen of the excised arteries, [Ca2+] in smooth muscle cells within the arterial wall was visualized using a confocal microscope. Brief electrical shocks were delivered at 5 Hz to the preparations to stimulate the sympathetic nerve network present in the adventitia. We found Ca2+ signals with diverse spatiotemporal patterns, Ca2+ waves and oscillations in individual smooth muscle cells during the sympathetic nerve stimulation (lino et al 1994). 

Quader H. Formation and disintegration of cistemae of the endoplasmic reticulum visualized in live cells by conventional fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy evidence for the involvement of calcium and the cytoskeleton. Protoplasma 1990 155 166-175. 

Confocal fluorescence microscopy has been extensively used in cell biology. Single living cells can indeed be studied by this technique visualization of organelles, distribution of electrical potential, pH imaging, Ca2+ imaging, etc. (Lemasters, 1996). Interesting applications in chemistry have also been reported in the fields of colloids, liquid crystals and polymer blends. 

Grino M, Zamora AJ. 1998. An in situ hybridization histochemistry technique allowing simultaneous visualization by the use of confocal microscopy of three cellular mRNA species in individual neurons. J Histochem Cytochem 46 753-759. 

BT 20 cells incubated in serum free medium for 10 hours with the vector/ DNA complexes (DQAplexes, C-DQAplexes). For control, cells were exposed to naked DNA and empty vesicles. The cells were then stained with Mitotracker Red CMXRos (Molecular Probes) for five minutes to enable the visualization of mitochondria followed by confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis on a Zeiss Meta 510 Laser Scanning Microscope. 

Combining fluorescence spectroscopy with fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy could be used to elucidate the pathway of siderophore-mediat iron uptake in the fungus Ustilago maydis, and visualize this pathway by providing unique fluorescent microscopic images. Using these techniques, clear images of two independent iron-uptake mechanisms have become visualized as well as their cellular compartment locahzed. 

Unlike Euglena PNO, which is a mitochondrial protein (Rotte et al. 2001), CpPNO lacks a mitochondrial targeting presequence and does not localize within the relic organelle (Ctrnacta et al. 2006). In fact, sporozoites of C. parvum visualized both by confocal immunofluorescence (Fig. 3) and immunogold-labelled (Fig. 4) confirm that CpPNO has an unique com-partmentalization firstly within the cytosol as expected, but secondly within... 

In the publication by Nielsen et al. (2004) images of the pigmented inclusions that contain the phytoalexins were prepared by confocal microscopy. This provided a three-dimensional perspective of inclusion body formation and visualization of the phytoalexins. A representation of deoxyanthocyanidin accumulation is shown in Figure 6-3 where inclusions begin to form by 5 to 8 hours after a fungal appressorium was formed by a hypha. 

Combined elastic and confocal Raman microspectrometry experiments were carried out by Yaroslavsky et al. [10] to investigate the spatially resolved scattering behavior along the visual axis of human donor lenses ranging in age from 20 to 68 years. They explored the relation between local protein content and local intensity of elastically scattered light, and compared their results with protein scattering behavior from a model that assumes... 

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