Configurations and Design

Most BESs have been designed as conventional fuel cells, that is, two flat electrode compartments separated by a membrane. Design parameters can be adjusted from this traditional design. These parameters include electrode spacing, flow patterns, reactor volumes and electrode surface areas. The original H-type fuel cells are mostly used for studies of physiological parameters of the biocatalyst and not for optimizing output [37, 38]. 

Small milliliter-scale fuel cells are mostly used with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which means that the conductive electrode material is coated on a membrane. This has led to a one-chamber design that contains the anode compartment. The cathode electrode is open to the air [47, 48]. 

Large-scale systems have also been used to study performance. However, results regarding cubic meter-scale BBSs have not yet become available. Large-scale BBSs are mostly stacked systems [49]. Owing to the biological nature, the phenomenon of stack reversal can occur, which leads to a decrease in usable output [50, 51]. So far, BBSs with sizes up to 201 have been characterized [52-55]. 

Measurements, Techniques, and Reporting Vaiues 6.2.4.1 Bioiogicai Measurements 

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