Conductivity, organic polymers

A Structural characteristic of conducting organic polymers is the conjugation of the chain-linked electroactive monomeric units, i.e. the monomers interact via a 7t-electron system. In this respect they are fundamentally different from redox polymers. Although redox polymers also contain electroactive groups, the polymer backbone is not conjugated. Consequently, and irrespective of their charge state, redox polymers are nonconductors. Their importance for electrochemistry lies mainly in their use as materials for modified el trodes. Redox polymers have been discussed in depth in the literature and will not be included in this review. 

Symposium-Conducting organic polymers in energy conservation and storage. The Electrochemical Society Meeting, San Franda o, May 1983... 

Heeger AJ, McDiarmld AG (1980) Conducting Organic Polymers Doped Polyacetylene. In Alcacer L (ed) The Physics and Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Solids. Reidel, Dordrecht, p 353... 

FIGURE 26.4 Simple conductive organic polymers. From top to bottom polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polybenzene (poly-p-phenylene). (Adapted from Novak et ah, 1997, with permission of the American Chemical Society.)... 

Electrochemistry of a Conductive Organic Polymer with an Inorganic Backbone... 

Figure 68 The neutral ortho- or anionic nido-carborane attached pyrrole molecule (111, 112,113, and 114) used in the synthesis of conducting organic polymers 115, 116, etc. (Adapted from refs. 141 and 142.)...

Shirakawa H, Louis EJ, MacDiarmid AG, Chiang CK, Heeger AJ (1977) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)X. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 578-580... 

Conditioning orifice plates, 44 658 Conducting ceramics, 5 598-599 Conducting organic polymers (COPs), 43 541, 543, 544... 

Anodic oxidation of pyrrole and N-substituted pyrroles results in the formation of polypyrroles in an oxidized state, which can be useful for the preparation of conducting organic polymers.185-188 Oxidation of 2,5-di-substituted pyrroles produces soluble products and no layer of polymers.187 One of the proposed applications of such a layer of conducting polymer is the protection of semiconductor electrodes from photocorrosion.189-191... 

Organic conductors can naturally be subdivided into two types single crystals and polymers. The former have experienced a rapid development from semiconductors (1950 s - 1960 s) (1) to metals (1970 s) (2) to superconductors (1980 s) (3). Highly conducting organic polymers (except "pyropolymers" and composites) have had a shorter history. 

General Properties of Electronically Conducting Organic Polymers... 

Status of Polypyrrole. Polypyrrole (Diaz, 1981) has been examined and analyzed more than other electronically conducting organic polymers. It is the archetype of this class of compound. 

Heinze, K. Hinkelmann, M. Dietrich, and 1. Mortenzen, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89 1225 (1985). Synthesis of conducting organic polymers. 

FIG. 3.21. J-V characteristics of the conducting organic polymer diode ITO/PEDOT PSS/MEH-PPV/Au on the log-log scale at different temperatures, where the thickness of MEH-PPV is 65 nm. The symbols represent the experimental data, while the solid lines are the calculated values using Eq. (3.42) at the corresponding temperatures [53],... 

Cotts DB and Reyes Z, "Electrically Conductive Organic Polymers for Advanced Applications", Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, NJ, 1986. 

There is also a large group of ion-conducting organic polymer electrolytes (typically containing solvent or low-molecular-weight plasticizer) that are capable of solvating dissolved alkali metal cations (e.g., Li+). 

The inkjet printer is developed by IBM The Cray-1 supercomputer is introduced by Seymour Cray Electrically conducting organic polymers are synthesized by Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa (Nobel Prize awarded in 2000)... 

Trans-polyacetylene, tra 5-(CH) was the first highly conducting organic polymer [1,2]. The simple chemical structure, -CH- units repeated (see Fig. IVB-la), would imply that each carbon contributes a single p electron to the tr-band. As a result, the rr-band would be half-filled. Thus, based upon this stmcture, an individual chain of neutral polyacetylene would be a metal since the electrons in this idealized metal could move only along the chain, polyacetylene would be a one-dimensional (Id) metal. However, experimental studies show clearly that neutral polyacetylene is a semiconductor with an energy gap greater than 1.5 eV. Rudolf Peierls [86] showed many years ago that Id metals are... 

Although the ideal conducting polymer has yet to be synthesized, spectacular improvements in the conductivity and tractability of conducting organic polymers have been reported. Two principal goals have guided synthetic chemists ... 

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