Conductivity, equivalent chloride

Continued elution with Na+OH" causes the sample ions to leave the column and pass through a small detector cell. If a conductivity detector is used, the conductance of all of the anions, plus that of the cations (Na+ in this example) will contribute to the total conductance. If the total ionic concentration remains constant, how can a signal be obtained when a sample anion zone passes through the detector The answer is that the equivalent conductance of chloride (76 ohm cm equiv" ) and bromide (78) is much lower than that of OH" (198). The net result is a decrease in the conductance measured when the chloride and bromide zones pass through the detector. 

The specific heat of aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride decreases with acid concentration (Fig. 4). The electrical conductivity of aqueous hydrogen chloride increases with temperature. Equivalent conductivity of these solutions ate summarized in Table 8. Other physicochemical data related to... 

Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) conducted lifetime rodent feeding studies, and both studies found tumors of the spleen at high dosage (100 —300 mg/kg pet day of aniline chloride). CUT found no tumors at the 10—30 mg/kg per day feeding rates. The latter value is equivalent to a human 8-h inhalation level of 17—50 ppm aniline vapor. In a short term (10-d) inhalation toxicity test by Du Pont, a no-effect level of 17 ppm aniline vapor was found for rats. At high levels (47—87 ppm), there were blood-related effects which were largely reversible within a 13-d recovery period (70). 

Salts such as silver chloride or lead sulfate which are ordinarily called insoluble do have a definite value of solubility in water. This value can be determined from conductance measurements of their saturated solutions. Since a very small amount of solute is present it must be completely dissociated into ions even in a saturated solution so that the equivalent conductivity, KV, is equal to the equivalent conductivity at infinite dilution which according to Kohlrausch s law is the sum of ionic conductances or ionic mobilities (ionic conductances are often referred to as ionic mobilities on account of the dependence of ionic conductances on the velocities at which ions migrate under the influence of an applied emf) ... 

An exception is reported when the reactions are conducted using a twofold excess of dichloroethylsilane with equal equivalents of either aluminum chloride or aluminum bromide and /Moluenesull onic acid at 40° for two hours in dichloromethane. Under these conditions, 1-methylcyclohexene affords methylcyclohexane in 65-75% yield, whereas cyclohexene gives cyclohexane in 17-23% yield.192... 

As an example of this, consider the three compounds obtained from hexammino-eobaltie chloride by replacing ammonia by nitrito-groups. The same total number of acidic radicles is retained in the molecule, but the derivatives differ in electrical conductivity in equivalent solutions. The molecular conductivity of hexammino-eobaltie chloride at 25° C. and 1000 litres dilution is 431-6 of the mononitrito-derivative, [Co(NH3)5(N02)]C12, is 246-4 of the di-derivative, [Co(NH3)4(N02)2]C1, is 98-83 and of the trinitrito-derivative, [Co(NH3)3(N02)3], is zero, this being a non-electrolyte. Further substitution transforms the complex from cation to anion thus [Co(NH3).2(N02)4]K. 

Equivalent Conductivities in rec. ohm cm of Chlorides at their Melting Points... 

In dilute solution the rare earth salts behave as 1 3 electrolytes and obey the Onsager equation in a modified form up to a concentration of 0.01 N. The behaviour of various rare earth salts, such as chlorides, bromides, nitrates and perchlorates has been examined [209—212]. The equivalent conductivity data for the rare earths is compiled in Table 11. Extensive ion-pair formation has been observed for rare earth sulphate solutions. 

The concentration dependencies of both the equivalent conductivity (A) and the chloride ion activity coefficient (fa) of the monomer DADMAC are not different... 

FIG. 1 Equivalent conductance (A) for sodium chloride (O), sodium acetate (O), and sodium propionate ( ) at 20°C against the square root of solute concentration (v/cb), as extracted from Fidaleo and Moresi (2005a,b, 2006). The continuous lines were calculated using Eq. 4 and the empirical parameters A0 and ft extracted from Fidaleo and Moresi (2005a,b, 2006). 

Salinity was first rigorously defined by Knudsen (1902, p. 28) as the weight in grams of the dissolved inorganic matter in one kilogram of seawater after all bromide and iodide have been replaced by the equivalent amount of chloride and all carbonate converted to oxide. In 1978, the JPOTS decided that a new definition was needed for salinity that was based more on a salinity/conductivity ratio and was termed the practical salinity scale. 

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