Conductivity and Transport Properties

We restrict ourselves to the specific properties of surface sihddes. For a review on the conductivity and transport properties of single-crystal sihddes we refer the reader to Refs. [38, 44,144], 

As previously described, most siHcides are metallic, while some are semiconducting and a few become superconductors at low temperature. From an electrical point 

MetaUic siiicides may present both Hall effect and/or magnetoresistance [147]. Most measurements available for these properties have been obtained for thin silidde films. 

Some silicides are superconductors with transition temperatures in a broad range of values [148, 149] and small electron-phonon coupling constants [144], Table 14.3 collects carrier concentrations for thin silidde films evaluated from Hall effect measurements. Most metallic silicides present both electrons and holes in approximately equal number and having the same characteristics, that is, mobility and carrier density. This behavior is traced back to the existence of two bands, one electron-Uke and one hole-hke, crossing the Fermi energy [150]. 

---

Section 3.3. In this section we deal specifically with the electrochemical properties of ionic liquids (electrochemical windows, conductivity, and transport properties) we will discuss the techniques involved in measuring these properties, summarize the relevant literature data, and discuss the effects of ionic liquid components and purity on their electrochemical properties. 

Such blends do not principally differ from other OM blends that are considered nonequili-brium two-phase systems [15], in which the conductive phase is the dispersed (and above the critical concentration flocculated to a dissipative structure network) phase. This has also been supported by the principally equal conductivity and transport properties, as can be seen by comparing the results in Ref [59b] and Refs. [22b,23a]. 

The p property was proposed by Bonny and Leuenberger, knowing that the universal exponent for conductivity and transport properties is p = 2.0 in three dimensions, and arranging the release parameters in order to have a property that depends linearly on the drug percolation threshold. 

Wu T-Y, Hao L, Chen P-R, Liao J-W (2013) Ionic conductivity and transporting properties in LiTFSI-doped bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquid electrolyte. Int J Electrochem Sci 8 2606-2624... 

These critical attributes are necessary if the materials are to be considered as practical replacements for their liquid counterparts. In addition, their properties, particularly conductivity and transport properties, should be sufficiently practical to stimulate their development when compared with other highly conducting solid electrolyte materials. Since 1978, when Michel Armand first introduced polyether-alkali-metal salt complexes to the solid state community as potential materials for electrochemical devices, there has been an enormous amount of research carried out on these (particularly high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium salt) systems, to obtain... 

Available data on the thermodynamic and transport properties of carbon dioxide have been reviewed and tables compiled giving specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy values for carbon dioxide at temperatures from 255 K to 1088 K and at pressures from atmospheric to 27,600 kPa (4,000 psia). Diagrams of compressibiHty factor, specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat at constant volume, specific heat ratio, velocity of sound in carbon dioxide, viscosity, and thermal conductivity have also been prepared (5). 

Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for Molten Salts Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data. 1988, New York American Institute of Physics. 

In this connection let us remark that in spite of several efforts, the relation between Lyapounov exponents, correlations decay, diffusive and transport properties is still not completely clear. For example a model has been presented (Casati Prosen, 2000) which has zero Lyapounov exponent and yet it exhibits unbounded Gaussian diffusive behavior. Since diffusive behavior is at the root of normal heat transport then the above result (Casati Prosen, 2000) constitutes a strong suggestion that normal heat conduction can take place even without the strong requirement of exponential instability. 

Kreuer presented an excellent discussion of materials and transport properties of proton conducting membranes other than Nafion. 

The physical properties of solvents greatly influence the choice of solvent for a particular application. The solvent should be liquid under the temperature and pressure conditions at which it is employed. Its thermodynamic properties, such as the density and vapor pressure, temperature and pressure coefficients, as well as the heat capacity and surface tension, and transport properties, such as viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and thermal conductivity, also need to be considered. Electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, such as the dipole moment, dielectric constant, refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductance are relevant, too. Furthermore, molecular... 

Since the As antisite is anyway one of the most important defects acting as the compensating donor, the excess As influences substantially the magnetic and transport properties of (Ga,Mn)As. The increase of substrate temperature and the decrease of the As pressure reduces the density of excess As, which result in a decrease of the lattice constant and an increase in both the hole concentration and conductivity. Importantly, this generates a raise of 7c (Shimizu et al. 1999), confirming the critical role of band holes in the ferromagnetism of (Ga,Mn)As. The annealing of (Ga,Mn)As at relatively low temperatures ( 300 K) leads to similar results due to the evaporation of excess As (Hayashi et al. 2001 Potashnik et al. 2001). 

This chapter gives an overview of the fundamental physical basis for the thermodynamic (enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity) properties of chemical species. Other chapters discuss chemical kinetics and transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients) in a similar spirit. 

Yet, because all three common hydrate structures consist of about 85% water on a molecular basis, many of the hydrate mechanical properties resemble those of ice Ih. Among the exceptions to this heuristic are yield strength, thermal expansivity, and thermal conductivity. The final portion of this chapter examines mechanical, electrical, and transport properties with emphasis on those properties that differ from ice. 

Compared to MC, the MD technique is used more often, perhaps because it can calculate time-dependent phenomena and transport properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity, in addition to thermodynamic properties. However, Haile, (1992, p. 17) states a criterion for calculation of time-dependent... 

The standard electrode potential and its temperature coefficient are found in the literature.36 Kinetic parameter values were measured in-house for HOR,33 ORR,34 OER,35 and COR.12 22 Table 2 gives cell component materials and transport properties. The membrane and electrode proton conductivity in Table 2 are based on the measured membrane and electrode resistance,42,43 which is a strong function of relative humidity (RH). In what follows next, we will describe the... 

There are some density data for solid salts above ambient temperature which are given in the form of thermal expansion coefficients. These have been listed when they seemed reliable. Above the melting point, density data are scarce. Most are available for alkali halides but those available for salts are taken from the critically evaluated compilation Janz, G.J., Thermodynamics and transport properties for molten salts, correlation equations for critically evaluated density, surface tension, electrical conductance, and viscosity data,./. Phys. Chem. Reference Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 

Nanocarbon material (NCM), containing both the ordered carbon structures (carbon nanotubes (CNT), the particles of nanographite) and the particles of the disordered carbon phase, is known to be promising for using as elements of the nanodimensional devices and as fillers, for example, of lithium batteries. Structure and phase composition of NCM depend essentially on the methods of their obtaining and the regimes of the subsequent temperature and chemical treatment. Therefore, finding the correlation between the structural and phase composition and transport properties of NCM as well the description of the mechanisms of their conductivity are the important problems. 

---