Conductive nanocomposite adhesives

Abstract In this chapter, classification of adhesive and sealant materials is presented. For this purpose, various categories are considered depending on the polymer base (i.e., natural or synthetic), functionality in the polymer backbone (i.e., thermoplastic or thermoset), physical forms (i.e., one or multiple components, films), chemical families (i.e., epoxy, silicon), functional types (i.e., structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive, water-base, ultraviolet/ electron beam cured, conductive, etc.), and methods of application. The classification covers high-temperature adhesives, sealants, conductive adhesives, nanocomposite adhesives, primers, solvent-activated adhesives, water-activated adhesives, and hybrid adhesives. 

The result of these arrangements will be homogeneous metal particles/ nanocomposites distribution in acetylacetone ligand shell. In the capacity of conductive filler silver nanoclusters/nanocrystals and copper-nickel/ carbon nanocomposites can be used. It should be lead to decrease volume resistance from 10" to 10" Q-cm and increase of adhesive/paste adhesion. 

Silver filler is more preferable due to excellent corrosion resistance and conductivity, but its high cost is serious disadvantage. Hence alternative conductive filler, notably nickel-carbon nanocomposite was chosen to further computational simulation. In developed adhesive/paste formulations metal containing phase distribution is determined by competitive coordination and cross-linking reactions. 

There were conflicting reports on the effect of compatibilizer on the electrical properties of PP nanocomposites [16,47]. Lee et al. [16] reported that the electrical conductivity of PP/MWCNTs nanocomposite increased by the addition of PP-g-MA. They considered that PP-g-MA improved the interfacial adhesion between PP and nanotubes, and generated additional electrical pathway. However, their later work [47] showed that the electrical conductivity of PP/MWCNTs nanocomposite decreased when PP-g-MA was added, and the conductivity remained almost constant irrespective of the PP-g-MA content. Moreover, the percolation threshold of PP/MWCNT nanocomposites (between 0.5 and 2wt%) was shifted toward a higher value (between 1 and 2 wt%) when PP-g-MA was added [47]. 

The first reported use of CNTs as an osteogenic biomaterial was in 2002 by Supronowicz et al. [41]. To promote ceU growth and adhesion, MWCNTs were incorporated into a PLA to fabricate conductive PLA/MWCNT nanocomposites. Osteoblast cells were seeded onto the surface and then exposed to alternating current stimulation (10 micro A at 10 Hz). Their results showed an increase in osteoblast proliferation by 46% after 2 days and increased extracellular calcium by 307% after 21 consecutive days. 

Winey KI, Vaia RA (2007) Polymer nanocomposites. MRS Bull 32 314 Winey KI, Kashiwagi T, Mu M (2007) Improving electrical conductivity and thermal properties of polymers by the addition of carbon nanotubes as fillers. MRS Bull 32 348 Wu S, Polymer (1982) interface and adhesion, M. Dekker, London... 

Native and surface-trimethylsilylated CNC were employed as the particulate phase in nanocomposites with a cellulose acetate butyrate matrix to improve the mechanical properties of polymers and to enhance adhesion between the particulate and matrix phase in composites [187]. Poly(oxyethylene)-based polymer electrolytes should be used above their melting temperature to display appropriate conductivity. Unfortunately, at this temperature the mechanical properties were very poor. In this regard, Azizi Samir et al. [188] evaluated the effect of CNC extracted from timicate to improve the mechanical properties of poly(oxyethylene) (PEO)-based nanocomposite electrolytes above its melting temperature. The SEM fracture surface of CNC-PEO... 

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