Conducting Polymer Nanotubes

Frackowiak E, Khomenko V, Jurewicz K, Lota K, Beguin F. Supercapacitors based on conducting polymers/nanotubes composites. Journal of Power Sources 2006 153 413-418. 

Abidian, M. R., et al. (2006), Conducting-polymer nanotubes for controlled drug release, Adv. Mater., 18,405-409. 

Abidian M, Martin D (2005) Controlled Release of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug Using Conducting Polymer Nanotubes for Neural Prosthetic Applications. In MRS Symposium M, p 1. San Francisco. 

Khomenko, V., Frackowiak, E., Szostak, K., and Beguin, F. (2005). Determination of specific capacitance of conducting polymers/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochim. Acta, 50, 2499-506. 

Wan MX. Conducting Polymer Nanotubes In Nalwa HS, editor. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Vol. 2. Los Angeles American Scientific Publishers 2004. p 153. 

A method for preparing conducting polymer nanotubes that can be used for precisely controlled dmg release was reported by Abidian et al. [80]. The fabrication process... 

Figure 10.18 Protocol for CPNW fabrication. (Reprinted with permission from Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Label-free detection of cupric ions and histidine-tagged proteins using single poly(pyrrole)-NTA chelator conducting polymer nanotube chemiresistive sensor by C. L. Aravinda, S. Cosnier, W. Chen et ai, 24, 5. Copyright (2009) Elsevier Ltd)...

S. H. Lee, and K.S. Ryu, Conducting polymer nanotube and nanowire synthesized by using nanoporous template Synthesis, characteristics, and applications, Synth. Met., 135, 7-9 (2003). 

T. J. Lee, and C.J. Lee, Fabrication and applications of conducting polymer nanotube, nanowire, nanohole, and double wall nanotube, Synth. Met., 153, 313-316 (2005). 

Figure 15.5 Left SEM image ofPEDOT nanotubes on a neural probe tip Right mass release of dexamethasone from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) fibers (black), PEDOT-coated PLGA nanoscale fibers without electrical stimulation (red), and PEDOT-coated PLGA nanoscale fibers with electrical stimulation of 1 Vat the times with the circled data. (Reprinted with permission from Advanced Materials, Conducting-polymer nanotubes for controlled drug release by M. R. Abidian, D.-H. Kim and D.C. Martin, 18, 4, 405-409. Copyright (2006) Wiley-VCH)...

Xiao et al. investigated the electrochemical synthetic mechanism of conducting-polymer nanotubes in a porous alumina template using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophaie) (PEDOT) as a model compound [70]. The electrochemical polymerization of EDOT was performed potentiostatically at various potentials from 1.0 to 1.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in a solution containing EDOT, LiC104, and acetonitrile. They found that the tubular portion of the nanotube structure increased as the applied potential increased from 1.4 to 1.8 V at a fixed concentration of EDOT, while the tubular portion decreased with increasing monomer concentration from 10 to 100 mM at a fixed poteitial of 1.6 V. 

M.R. Abidian and D.C. Martin, Experimental and theoretical characterization of implantable neural microelectrodes modified with conducting polymer nanotubes. Biomaterials, 29(9), 1273 1283 (2008). 

Joo J, Kim BH, Park DH, Sung JH, Choi HJ (2008) Conducting polymer nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites synthesis, characteristics, and applications. In Nalwa HS (ed) Handbook of organic electronics and photonics, vol 1. American Scientific, California, pp 51-83... 

By changing the doping level, dopant, and template-dissolving solvents, the electrical and optical properties of the nanotubes and nanowires can be controlled. The diameters of the conducting polymer nanotubes and nanowires are in the range 100-200 nm, depending on the diameter of the nanoporous template used, it was found that the polymerization was initiated from the wall-side of the AAO template. The synthesized nanotubes have an open end at the top with the filled end at the bottom. As polymerization time increases, the nanotubes will be filled and nanowires will be formed with the length increased. For example,... 

PPy nanotube can be synthesized by applying current of 2-3 mA for 1 min. When the time is increased to 15-40 min, PPy nanowires will be produced. Conducting polymer nanotube and nanowires prepared by this electrochemical method using AAO templates can be applied in field emitting applications [185,186]. Figure 1.16 shows a uniform layer of polyaniline nanowires produced at constant potential at 1.0 V for 10 min through the AAO template [187]. 

There are various methods to synthesize polymer nanostructures, i.e., template synthesis, chiral reactions, self-assembly, interfacial polymerization and electrospinning. Recent developments in conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers were summarized by Long et al. Different preparation methods, physical properties, and potential applications of one-dimensional nanostructures of conjugated polyaniline (PANI), pol5 3nrole (PPy) and poly (3, 4-ethylenediox3d hiophene) (PEDOT) were discussed. 

Khomenko V., Frackowiak E., and B eguin F., Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite... 

Dong, H., and W.E. Jones. 2002. A fiber templating approach to conducting polymer nanotubes. Polytn Mater Set Eng 87 273—274. 

Dauginet-De Pra, L., and S. Demoustier-Champagne. 2005. Investigation of the electronic structure and spectroelectrochemical properties of conductive polymer nanotube arrays. Polymer 46 1583-1594. 

One-dimensional conducting polymer nanomaterials have been utilized as the field emission electron sources for flat panel displays [365-367]. Conducting polymer nanotubes or nanowires were mostly prepared by the electrochemical polymerization within the cylindrical pores of alumina membranes, and the field emission characteristics were evaluated. As a typical example, a field emission cell was composed of PEDOT nanowire (conductivity, 3.4 x 10 S cm ) tips (cathode) and ITO (anode). The turn-on field of PEDOT nanowire was 3.5-4.0 jiAcm at 10V jim , and the current density increased up to 100 xAcm at 4.5 V jim . The field enhancement factor of the PEDOT nanowire tips was 1200 and this value was comparable to that of CNT. PPy nanowire and PANI nanotube was also prepared using nanoporous template, and their field emission characteristics were investigated [365]. PPy nanowire and PANI nanotubes showed the turn-on fields of 3.5-4.0 and 5.0 jjlA cm at 6 and 8 V im . These studies offered a great feasibility of conducting polymers as the building blocks for all-polymer field emission displays. 

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