Condensers Othmer

Of these sources, Kirk-Othmer s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology is particularly recommended for questions on chemistry and on end uses. For information on properties and on toxicity and handling hazards, Patty s Industrial Hygiene, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and the Aldrich catalog are very nseful. Questions on industrial chemistry should be directed to Ullman s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, and the texts by Chenier, Heaton, and White. Hawley s Condensed Chemical Dictionary is valuable as a source for dehnitions of the terms (language) of chemistry. 

Pure shock waves) 4) G.B. Kistiakowsky, p 951 in Kirk Othmer 5 (1950), pp given in the text (Not included in the 2nd edition) 5) Corner, Ballistics (1950), 100-01 (Corner Noble-Abel equations of state) 6) SAC MS, Ballistics (1951), 18 (Covolume and equation of state of propint gases) 7) Taylor(1952), 34 (Boltzmann and Hirschfelder Roseveare equation of state for the expln products) 69-72 (Rankine-Hugoniot equation of state) 87-98 (Abel, Boltzmann and other equations of state applicable to deton of condensed expls yielding only gaseous products) 114 (Equations of state applicable to deton of condensed expls whose products contain a condensed phase)... 

Othmer condenser. A large-capacity condenser which has two coils of relatively large bore glass tubing inside it, through which the water flows. TTie two coils join at their top and bottom. 

Apparatus. All vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements were made by using a modified Othmer still provided with an external electric heater. Total volume of the still was about 500 cm3, of which about 300 cm3 was occupied by liquid. The liquid loaded in the condensate receiver was about 7 cm3. Details of the still are described in a previous paper (5). 

Salt concentrations were obtained by the addition of known weights of dried salt to the solvent mixture. The compositions of the condensed equilibrium vapor samples and the previously prepared ethanol-water charges to the still were determined as previously outlined. The mole fractions of the salt, ethanol, and water charged to the Othmer still were thus accurately determined by mass balance calculations. 

Refs l)E.L.Tague, Casein, Its Preparation, Chemistry and Technical Utilization , Van Nostrand, NY(1926) 2)UUmann 3(1929), 110-15 (not found in new edition) 3)Thorpe 2(1938), 411-17 4)H.Hadert, "Casein and Its Uses , Translated from the Ger, ChemPubgCo, NY(1938) 5)E. Sutermeister F.L.Browne, Casein and Its Industrial Application , ACS Monograph No 30, Reinhold, NY(1939) 6)Kirk Othmer 3(1949), 225 36 7)M.Beau, "LaCasdine , Dunod, Paris (1952) 8)J.R.Spellacy, "Casein, Dried and t Condensed Whey , Lithotype Process Co, San Francisco, Calif(1953) 9)US Military Specification, MIL-C-11532... 

Donald F. Othmer while at Eastman Kodak during the 1920 s experimented using salts to concentrate acetic acid (14). He also developed an industrial process for distilling acetone from its azeotrope with methanol by passing a concentrated calcium chloride brine down the rectification column (15). Pure acetone was condensed overhead, and acetone-free methanol was recovered in a separate still from the brine which was then recycled. The improved Othmer recirculation still (16) has been the apparatus generally favored by investigators who have studied the effects of salts on vapor-liquid equilibrium. 

Although a large number of bromine compounds are known and described in the literature, they are used mainly in the synthesis of other compounds and have little commercial significance. In the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia (125) a chart is given of a number of bromine compounds, most of which have some industrial importance. This chart includes condensed information on preparations, methods, properties, and uses. 

A combination of flash evaporators, direct-contact condensers, and liquid-liquid exchangers has been described by Othmer (01). In this process water vapors, produced in a multistage flash distillation of heated sea water at successively reducing pressures, are condensed by direct contact with a recycle steam of product water. The heat is from the hot product water and is recovered by an immiscible petroleum oil in one spray column and transferred to the incoming sea water feed in a second spray column. 

Othmer s phase equilibrium apparatu.s A = Sampling point for liquid B = Sampling point for condensed vapour... 

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