Condenser horizontal

Condenser horizontal or vertical, temperature of cooling water, water quantity limit... 

Fig. 23(C) shows a reflux assembly with a stirrer fitted. The stirrer A is both held in position in the tube B and allowed to rotate freely by the lubricated rubber sleeve C, as described on p. 39, and is connected to a vertical motor above. The extent to which the stirrer dips into the liquid in the flask can readily be adjusted. The condenser (not shown) is fitted into D. This constitutes for many purposes the best type of stirrer. If desired, the rubber sleeve C can be replaced by a metal fitting E for a horizontal drive. The gas-inlet F is closed when not in use.

It may occasionally happen, particularly if the solution is approaching saturation, that a small quantity of the crystalline solute separates at the top of the tube H in the zone Z, i.e, immediately above the source of the heat. This may be prevented by placing a narrow oblong piece of asbestos paper, with slots cut in each end, horizontally between the tubes H and D, the slots fitting over the lower narrow ends of the condenser C and the cup F. 

Figure 3.10 is a plot of potential against distance from the wall for a liquid in a capillary of sufficient width for its middle A to be outside the range of forces from the wall. Since the capillary condensate is in equilibrium with the vapour, its chemical potential (=p represented by the horizontal line GF, will be lower than that of the free liquid the difference in chemical potential of the condensate at A, represented by the vertical distance AF, is brought about entirely by the pressure drop, Ap = 2y/r , across the meniscus (cf. Equation (3.6)) but at some point B. say, nearer the wall, the chemical potential receives a contribution represented by the line BC, from the adsorption potential. Consequently, the reduction Ap in pressure across the meniscus must be less at B than at A, so that again... 

Metafile arsenic can be obtained by the direct smelting of the minerals arsenopyrite or loeUingite. The arsenic vapor is sublimed when these minerals are heated to about 650—700°C in the absence of air. The metal can also be prepared commercially by the reduction of arsenic trioxide with charcoal. The oxide and charcoal are mixed and placed into a horizontal steel retort jacketed with fire-brick which is then gas-fired. The reduced arsenic vapor is collected in a water-cooled condenser (5). In a process used by Bofiden Aktiebolag (6), the steel retort, heated to 700—800°C in an electric furnace, is equipped with a demountable air-cooled condenser. The off-gases are cleaned in a sembber system. The yield of metallic arsenic from the reduction of arsenic trioxide with carbon and carbon monoxide has been studied (7) and a process has been patented describing the gaseous reduction of arsenic trioxide to metal (8). 

Fig. 1. Natural ckculation evaporators where C = condensate, E = entrainment return, F = feed, N = noncondensibles vent, P = product or concentrate, S = steam, V = vapor, and M = knitmesh separator (a) horizontal-tube, (b) short-tube vertical, (c) propeUer calandria, and (d) long-tube reckculating.

NOTE Above the horizontal line the condensed phase is solid below the line, it is liquid. = % K. 

The Diikler theory is applicable for condensate films on horizontal tubes and also for falling films, in general, i.e., those not associated with condensation or vaporization processes. 

At high condensing loads, with vapor shear dominating, tube orientation has no effect , and Eq. (5-lOCU) may also be used for horizontal tubes. 

Baffles in a horizontal in-shell condenser are oriented with the cuts vertical to facilitate drainage and eliminate the possibility of flooding in the upward cross-flow sections. Pressure drop on the vapor side can be estimated by the data and method of Diehl and Unruh [Pet. Refiner, 36(10), 147 (1957) 37(10), 124 (1958)]. 

Pressure drop during condensation inside horizontal tubes can be computed by using the correlations for two-phase flow given in Sec. 6 and neglec ting the pressure recoveiy due to deceleration of the flow. 

Baffle cuts are expressed as the ratio of segment opening height to shell inside diameter. Cross-flow baffles with horizontal cut are shown in Fig. 11-36 7, c, andf. This arrangement is not satisfactoiy for horizontal condensers, since the condensate can be trapped between baf-... 

FIG. 11-122 Evaporator types, a) Forced circulation, (h) Siibmerged-tiihe forced circulation, (c) Oslo-type crystallizer, (d) Short-tube vertical, (e) Propeller calandria. (f) Long-tube vertical, (g) Recirculating long-tube vertical, (h) Falling film, (ij) Horizontal-tube evaporators. G = condensate F = feed G = vent P = product S = steam V = vapor ENT T = separated entrainment outlet. 

Fixed Tube Sheet Both tube sheets fixed to shell Condensers liquid-liquid gas-gas gas-liquid cooling and heating, horizontal or vertical, reboiling Temperature difference at extremes of about 200°F. Due to differential expansion 1.0... 

Pressure can also be controlled by variable heat transfer coefficient in the condenser. In this type of control, the condenser must have excess surface. This excess surface becomes part of the control system. One example of this is a total condenser with the accumulator running full and the level up in the condenser. If the pressure is too high, the level is lowered to provide additional cooling, and vice versa. This works on the principle of a slow moving liquid film having poorer heat transfer than a condensing vapor film. Sometimes it is necessary to put a partially flooded condenser at a steep angle rather than horizontal for proper control response. 

The initial moisture content is a determinant factor in the rate of heat transfer to the center of the core mat [226,227]. At short press closing times the rapid temperature rise occurs at the same time for both lower and higher moisture content percentages indicating that the steam condensation front reaches the core at the same rate and that this is then determined more by local permeability rather than local moisture content. The slope of the rise is similar as it is the balance of horizontal and vertical permeability which controls the rate of steam flow to the core layer. Furthermore, water remains in the surface layer in a quantity such as... 

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