Condensation factor

The adsorptions shown in Table 2 2 are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant separation on an industrial scale but as we would anticipate from the condensibility factor, the adsorption of a gas should increase as the temperature is lowered. Dewar,8 in 1904, found that even helium can be adsorbed in large quantities at a sufficiently low temperature. In using temperature as an adjunct for the separation of gases, success can depend on the selection of a temperature appropriate to the separation involved. Yagi9 points out that carbon dioxide is most effectively separated from air between —90° C and — 110°C at higher temperatures carbon dioxide is... 

Various ways have been searched to equalize the condensibility factor. One approach is to compare the adsorption of vapors at equal ratios of partial pressure to saturation pressure.14 Pearce et al.15 sought to equalize the influence of condensibility by conducting the adsorption of each vapor at a temperature corresponding to its boiling point. 

Here, a is the condensation factor, which gives an indication of the fraction of vapor molecules which, after impact on the liquid surface, remain on it. The literature contains experimental a values for some pure liquids, although the data of... 

Hence, the parameter a determines the factor by which the initial drop radius is increased. This parameter depends on pi, Ti, p2, T2, the initial composition of the mixture, and the condensate factor q. These dependences are shown graphically in Figs. 16.4 and 16.5. 

At fixed values of pressure and temperature at the input of the heat exchanger and fixed gas condensate factor, the value of a increases with reduction of the temperature output. The value of q strongly influences the growth of drops. A reduction of q results in an increased degree of enlargement of the drops, albeit in a longer time. This may be explained as follows. The volume content of drops is determined hy W = q/p. So, for the considered values of = 100,500, and 2000 g m and / l = kg we have W = 1.4 x 10 ", 7 x 10 ", and 2.8 x 10 . The parameter W determines the average distance between drops in the mixture. 

Fig. 19.14 Dependence of the critical gas velocity Ucr in a horizontal separator with a string orifice on the condensate factor Wq ...

As Wo gets lower, the critical velocity increases. This means that string orifices can be used with the greatest efficiency in the separation of gas with a low concentration of liquid. Note that usually the condensate factor is given assuming the normal conditions, while in the calculation formulas presented above, W is taken at the operating conditions. This fact should be kept in mind when comparing theoretical results vdth experimental ones. 

As in the case with KBr-pellet accessories, the manufacturer s literature should be checked before purchasing a beam condenser, to insure that the accessory is compatible with the spectrophotometer. It is possible to obtain beam condensers with varying condensing factors, and this feature should also be checked to insure that the beam size is reduced to as close to the desired area as possible. 

Fj = scale factor Fj = inhibition factor Fj, = condensation factor Fw = percentage of water factor Fg = percentage of oil factor FpH = pH factor... 

At the end of the S period, the cell enters in the G2 period. It is believed that condensation of chromosomes occurs as a result of synthesis of a number of uncharacterized factors as the cell enters the D phase from the G2 phase. This is the beginning of the prophase of mitosis. The HeLa cell in mitosis can cause premature chromosome condensation (chromosomal pulverization) of an interphase nucleus that enters the cell by cell fusion (Johnson and Rao, 1970 Matsui et al., 1972). The chromosomal condensation factor is not species specific (Johnson et al., 1970). Arrest of the G2 phase may occur but usually involves only a few percent of the cells. It has been studied best in the mouse ear epidermis (Gelfant, 1963). Cyclic AMP may mediate the reversible arrest of cells in the G2 phase (Nose and Katsuta, 1975 Willingham et al., 1972). Fusion of a HeLa cell in the G2 phase with a cell in an earlier phase can arrest the G2 phase and prevent progression into the D phase (Rao et al., 1975 Rao and Johnson, 1970). Protein synthesis is necessary until 10 min before prophase in order for cells to enter into mitosis (Tobey et al., 1966). RNA synthesis is also required but is completed before the protein synthesis requirement (Tobey et al., 1966). 

Normally, CO2 corrosion is possible if water is present in the system. It is expected that the nonwet surface of the pipeline (not wet with water) will have no CO2 corrosion however, this is not the case. In a cross-country pipeline, water condenses as a result of heat loss, and free water is formed. This free water behaves as a mist and wets the dry surface of the pipe. CO2 corrosion of the dry area depends on the rate of water condensation and is defined as a condensation factor. 

Water condensation rate relates to the water actually condensing in the pipeline from heat loss. This is used to obtain the condensation factor for the calculation of the dry surface corrosion rate. If the water condensation rate is 0 (zero), a default condensation factor of 0.04 is used in the calculation. 

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