Condensation enhancement factor

Method (x) allows the dew point to be corrected for pressure. The basis is that the mole fraction y = p/P is the same for a given mixture composition at all values of total pressure P. In particular, the dew point measured in a compressed air duct can be converted to the dew point at atmospheric pressure, from which the humidity can be calculated. It is necessary to check that the temperature change associated with compression or expansion does not bring the dry-bulb temperature to a point where condensation can occur. Also, at these elevated pressures, it is strongly advisable to apply the enhancement factor (see BS 1339). 

When one equates the chemical potential of component 1 in the gas phase to that in the pure condensed phase, one obtains the following equation for the enhancement factor as shown by Dokoupil et aL [3]. 

These factors severely enhance the risks of condensate system corrosion by carbonic acid (resulting from a breakdown of the alkalinity in the boiler water and carbon dioxide [C02] carryover into the steam) and BW carryover. In addition, boiler operation is more difficult because the possible COC is severely limited, there-... 

Although the reaction scheme shows a complete hydrolysis before condensation begins, this is likely not correct as stated earlier. The relative rates and extents of these two reactions will particularly depend on the amount of water added and the acidity of the system (10,11). The high functionality of the triethoxysilane endcapped PTMO oligomer should enhance the incorporation of PTMO molecules into the TEOS network. It was also assumed that the reactivities would be the same between silanol groups from silicic acid and endcapped PTMO. Therefore, no preferential condensation was expected and the deciding factors for which type of condensation (self- or co-) took place would be the diffusivities and local concentrations. 

The spacer grid in a rod bundle is also a turbulence promoter that enhances liquid-vapor exchange and bubble condensation. The local intensity of such turbulence is a function of the grid pressure loss coefficient, K, and the distance from the grid, t D. Thus an empirical spacer factor, Fs, can be defined as... 

Nevertheless, there are reports on enhancement of ocular drug absorption by bile salts [33], surfactants [200], and chelators [149], Newton et al. [35] demonstrated that Azone, an enhancer widely tested in transdermal drug delivery [201], increased the ocular absorption of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, by a factor of 3, thereby prolonging the survival of a corneal allograft. In 1986, Lee et al. [34] reported that 10 pg/mL cytochalasin B, an agent capable of condensing the actin microfilaments, increased the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body concentrations of topically applied inulin (5 kDa) by about 70% and 700%, respectively, in the albino rabbit. 

B is a powerful neutron absorber and has been employed in reactor control rods, neutron detectors, and other applications. Cascades based on exchange distillation of boron-ether complexes have usefully large a s and were used for 10B/UB isotope separation by the US DOE. Exchange distillation takes advantage of the fact that condensed phase/vapor phase separation factors can be enhanced (as compared to liquid/vapor a s) by association/dissociation equilibria in one or the other phase. At the normal boiling point (173 K) the VPIE for... 

L.M. Vane, F.R. Alvarez, A.P. Mairal and R.W. Baker, Separation of Vapor-phase Alcohol/Water Mixtures Via Fractional Condensation Using a Pilot-scale Dephlegma-tor Enhancement of the Pervaporation Process Separation Factor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (in press). 

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