Conceptual translation

The early observation that amino-terminal sequences rich in hydroxylated and basic amino acids reminiscent of mitochondrial targeting signals were present in the conceptually translated products of the E. histolytica genes encoding mitochondrial-marker proteins Cpn60 and PNT provided the first... 

This gene codes for an 0.8 kb mRNA and conceptual translation of the cochng region revealed a peptide that shows 69% identity to Manduca EH. In situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes from larval salivary glands showed that the Drosophila EH gene is located on the right arm of chromosome 3 at location 90B. This region does not correspond to any known mutations, but stocks are available with deletions in this area to facilitate a screen for mutants at the EH locus. 

The protein nr database consists of conceptual translations of the coding regions annotated on GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ database and protein sequences from databases such as SwissProt and Protein Data Bank. Information about other possible databases can be obtained from http //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/ producttable.shtml db. 

The Molinfo descriptor indicates the type of molecule [e.g., genomic, mRNA (usually isolated as cDNA), rRNA, tRNA, or peptide], the teclmique with which it was sequenced (e.g., standard, EST, conceptual translation with partial peptide sequencing for confirmation), and the completeness of the sequence [e.g., complete, missing the left (5 or amino) end, missing both ends]. Each nucleotide and each protein should get its own Molinfo descriptor. Normally, then, this descriptor will not appear at-... 

As was said in the introduction (Section 2.1), chemical structures are the universal and the most natural language of chemists, but not for computers. Computers woi k with bits packed into words or bytes, and they perceive neither atoms noi bonds. On the other hand, human beings do not cope with bits very well. Instead of thinking in terms of 0 and 1, chemists try to build models of the world of molecules. The models ai e conceptually quite simple 2D plots of molecular sti uctures or projections of 3D structures onto a plane. The problem is how to transfer these models to computers and how to make computers understand them. This communication must somehow be handled by widely understood input and output processes. The chemists way of thinking about structures must be translated into computers internal, machine representation through one or more intermediate steps or representations (sec figure 2-23, The input/output processes defined... 

Conceptual design—the generation of ideas for new processes (process synthesis) and their translation into an initial design. This stage includes preliminaiy cost estimates to assess the potential profitability of the process, as well as analyses of process safety and environmental considerations. 

Such an approach is conceptually different from the continuum description of momentum transport in a fluid in terms of the NS equations. It can be demonstrated, however, that, with a proper choice of the lattice (viz. its symmetry properties), with the collision rules, and with the proper redistribution of particle mass over the (discrete) velocity directions, the NS equations are obeyed at least in the incompressible limit. It is all about translating the above characteristic LB features into the physical concepts momentum, density, and viscosity. The collision rules can be translated into the common variable viscosity, since colliding particles lead to viscous behavior indeed. The reader interested in more details is referred to Succi (2001). 

Much of our discussion is based on the idea that a variety of forms of psychopathology are taxonic. The critical question is, How common are these taxa . The empirical base is currently too limited to answer this question, although it is reassuring that Table 6.1 includes nine taxonic versus four nontaxonic constructs. Instead, let us evaluate this question conceptually. First, notice that the notion of continuity easily translates into the idea of monotonous relations, such as linear, quadratic, exponential, and asymptotic effects. If a construct is dimensional, it should relate to other dimen-... 

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