Concept and Features

The design concept of a light water cooled reactor operating at supercritical pressure was devised by one of this book s authors, Y. Oka [2, 3]. The reactor concept has been actively developed within his research group at the University of Tokyo [4-8]. It adopts a once-though coolant cycle without recirculation and a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) as shown in Fig. 1.5. 

The water coolant is pressurized to the supercritical pressure by the main coolant pumps. They drive the coolant through the core to the turbines. A comparison of plant systems of BWRs, PWRs, and supercritical FPPs is made in Fig. 1.6. The coolant cycle of the Super Light Water Reactor (Super LWR) and Super Fast Reactor (Super FR) is a once-through direct cycle as the supercritical FPPs. The steam-water separators, dryers, and recirculation system of BWRs and the 

supercritical fossil-fuel fired power plants 

Some more details of the plant system of the Super LWR and Super FR are shown in Fig. 1.7. The RPV and control rods are similar to those of PWRs, the containment and safety systems are similar to those of BWRs and the balance of plant (BOP) is like that of supercritical FPPs. All RPV walls are cooled by inlet coolant as in PWRs. The operating temperatures of major components such as the RPV, control rods, steam turbines, pipings and pumps are within the experiences of those of LWRs and supercritical FPPs. 

There are several advantages to the plant system of the Super LWR and Super FR. The first two advantages are the compactness of the plant system due to the high specific enthalpy of supercritical water and the simplicity of the plant system without the recirculation system and dryers of BWRs and steam generators of 

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Purpose VALIDLL is identical in concept and features to VALID, the difference being that the use of a log-log depiction is assumed. Linear (i.e.. 

Thermodynamic perturbation theory represents a powerful tool for evaluating free energy differences in complex molecular assemblies. Like any method, however, FEP has limitations of its own, and particular care should be taken not only when carrying out this type of statistical simulations, but also when interpreting their results. We summarize in a number of guidelines the important concepts and features of FEP calculations developed in this chapter ... 

P. Rdmann, M. Schuler, S. Darsch, et al, Hardware concept and feature extraction for low-cost... 

Fujita, T. (1993) Concept and features of EMIL, a system for lead evolution of bioactive compoimds, in Trends in QSAR and Molecular Modelling 92 (ed. 

This course of study ensures the understanding of basic energy management concepts and features relating to heating, cooling, air distribution, electrical, and lighting systems ... 

Continuous progress in the chemistry of these classes of compounds with encapsulated species has been summarized in several reviews by J. Rebek Jr. and coworkers [1-17] and, very recently, by M. Yoshizawa [18]. The coordination capsules have been nicely covered by M. Fujita [19-25], K.N. Raymond [26-31], and others [32-40] and, more recently, by J.R. Nitschke [41 5], G.H. Clever [46], and M. Shionoya [47]. hi 2002, we published the book Clathrochelates Synthesis, Structure and Properties [48] that summarized general concepts and features of the complexes with an encapsulated metal ion. 

As already mentioned, the results in Section HI are based on dispersions relations in the complex time domain. A complex time is not a new concept. It features in wave optics [28] for complex analytic signals (which is an electromagnetic field with only positive frequencies) and in nondemolition measurements performed on photons [41]. For transitions between adiabatic states (which is also discussed in this chapter), it was previously intioduced in several works [42-45]. 

The concept of feature trees as molecular descriptors was introduced by Rarey and Dixon [12]. A similarity value for two molecules can be calculated, based on molecular profiles and a rough mapping. In this section only the basic concepts are described. More detailed information is available in Ref. [12]. 

Throughout this book we have emphasized fundamental concepts, and looking at the statistical basis for the phenomena we consider is the way this point of view is maintained in this chapter. All theories are based on models which only approximate the physical reality. To the extent that a model is successful, however, it represents at least some features of the actual system in a manageable way. This makes the study of such models valuable, even if the fully developed theory falls short of perfect success in quantitatively describing nature. 

Its main features are given by the use of a stream of inert carrier gas which percolates through a bed of an adsorbent covered with adsorbate and heated in a defined way. The desorbed gas is carried off to a detector under conditions of no appreciable back-diffusion. This means that the actual concentration of the desorbed species in the bed is reproduced in the detector after a time lag which depends on the flow velocity and the distance. The theory of this method has been developed for a linear heating schedule, first-order desorption kinetics, no adsorbable component in the entering carrier gas (Pa = 0), and the Langmuir concept, and has already been reviewed (48, 49) so that it will not be dealt with here. An analysis of how closely the actual experimental conditions meet the idealized model is not available. 

The concepts and basic approach used in studies of electrical fluctuations in corrosion processes proved to be very successful as well in mechanistic studies of electrode reactions taking place at materials covered by passivating films. A typical example is the electrochemical dissolution of silicon. From an analysis of the noise characteristics of this process, it has been possible to identify many features as well as the conductivity of the nanostructures of porous silicon being formed on the original silicon surface. 

While it is desirable to formulate the theories of physical sciences in terms of the most lucid and simple language, this language often turns out to be mathematics. An equation with its economy of symbols and power to avoid misinterpretation, communicates concepts and ideas more precisely and better than words, provided an agreed mathematical vocabulary exists. In the spirit of this observation, the purpose of this introductory chapter is to review the interpretation of mathematical concepts that feature in the definition of important chemical theories. It is not a substitute for mathematical studies and does not strive to achieve mathematical rigour. It is assumed that the reader is already familiar with algebra, geometry, trigonometry and calculus, but not necessarily with their use in science. 

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