Concentrated acids and bases

This question pertains to substances that will chemically react with water, particularly at normal ambient conditions. Some concentrated acids and bases can generate considerable heat of solution or heat of dilution when mixed with water. However, this can be considered a physical effect rather than a chemical reaction. 

Concentration Data for Commercial Concentrated Acids and Base... 

Hydrolysis resistance is generally good versus hot water, weak acids and bases. Versus strong and concentrated acids and bases, PPE has a good to limited resistance. 

Cellulosics are attacked or dissolved by esters, ketones, phenols, concentrated acids and bases, and alcohols. 

Concentrated acids and bases quickly attack the polyurethanes and contact must be avoided. 

COPEs are attacked by aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, concentrated acids and bases, phenols Possible for special grades... 

Indeed, in Antiquity, substances or waters with acid or alkaline properties such as vinegar, lime, or alkaline products (soda, alkaline ashes) were well known but there was no mention of hurts specifically due to these substances. It is mentioned that some waters, particularly these from alkaline springs are not drinkable, but nothing more. Actually, it will take more than a thousand years so that concentrated acids and bases could... 

Table A.2A.1 Molarities and Specific Gravities of Concentrated Acids and Bases"...

The concentration of reagents is in most cases chosen to be molar, meaning that it is easy to calculate the relative volumes of the reactant and the reagent needed to complete the reaction. It is not advisable to add the calculated amount of reagent at once to the solution (cf. Chapter II), but the final amount should be equal or more than the equivalent. In some cases it is impossible or impractical to prepare a m reagent thus 0 5 or even 0- 1m reagents have to be used sometimes. It is easy to predict the volume of a particular reagent needed to complete the reaction from the concentrations. Acids and bases are applied mostly in 2m concentrations in order to avoid unnecessary dilution of the mixture. 

Owing to its partial crystallinity, sPS is strongly resistant to concentrated acid and bases, oils and greases and most organic solvents, except chlorinated and aromatic compounds that cause swelling. Its density (about 1 g/cm3) is significantly low compared with other engineering thermoplastics such as polyamide-6, poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(phenylene sulfide), and this is... 

Bleachex manufactures a variety of products using concentrated acids and bases. Plant officials noticed a large quantity of liquid, which was believed to be either sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid solution, flowing through the loading bay doors. An Emergency Toxic Spill Response Team attempted to determine the source and identity of the unknown liquid. A series of explosions and the presence of chlorine gas forced the team to abandon its efforts. The unknown liquid continues to flow into the nearly full containment ponds. 

Specific Gravities of Cdnimercial Concentrated Acids and Bases ... 

The molecular weight of Teflon is about 2 X 10. Approximately 20,000 CF2=CF2 molecules polymerize to form a single giant molecule. Teflon is a very useful polymer. It does not react with concentrated acids and bases or with most oxidizing agents. It does not dissolve in most organic solvents. 

Use care when working with an open flame and handling concentrated acids and bases. Do not inhale odors from plastics. Wear an apron and goggles at all times. 

It is always best to specify which form you mean. In the absence of clear labels, it is best to assume that sohds are usually reported wt/wL gases are usually vol/vol, and liquids may be wt/wt (concentrated acid and base reagents), wt/vol (most dilute aqueous solutions), or vol/vol (the U.S. alcohohc beverage indushy). 

Examples of corrosive liquids are concentrated acids and bases, acid chlorides, etc. Titanium tetrachloride, a solid, is also a corrosive material. 

Most organic herbicides used to control aquatic weeds are resistant to chemical degradation. While herbicides such as the phenoxyalkanoic acids are readily converted to salts, and the ester derivatives are easily hydrolyzed to acids, the basic herbicide molecules are stable. Dichlobenil is practically immune to degradation by refluxing in concentrated acid and base. Similarly, diquat and l,l -dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium ion (para-... 

Many inorganic and organic chemicals are irritants to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Concentrated acids and bases are highly corrosive. Highly water-reactive substances such as bromine pentafluoride or other interhalogen compounds can bum the skin. 

Ethylene oxide forms an explosive mixture with air the LEL and UEL values are 3% and 100% by volume, respectively. It explodes when heated in a closed vessel. It polymerizes violently when in contact with active catalyst surfaces. Rearrangement or polymerization occurs exothermically in the presence of concentrated acids and bases, alkali metals, oxides of iron and aluminum, and their anhydrous chlorides (Hess and Tilton 1950). It may explode when combined with alcohols and mercaptans or with ammonia under high pressure (NEPA 1986). 

The eluent should not attack the packing material noticeably for at least hundreds of elutions. This may not be a vital factor for off-line procedures, since sometimes the sorbent may even be digested to release the analytes but an on-line system is expected to run for days and weeks without changing the columns. Highly concentrated acids and bases may be effective eluents and may not be harmful to the sorbent however, they may create problems in some detectors such as the AAS nebulizing systems through corrosion or blockages. On-line modification or dilution of the eluates are feasible, but only at the expense of a sacrifice in sensitivity. 

It must be pointed out again that many organic solvents are flammable and should therefore be stored only in small amounts. The use of concentrated acids and bases also requires special safety measures, since they can cause injuries to skin and eyes. 

NOTE ALL REAGENTS USED IN THIS ANALYTICAL METHOD CONTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS WEAR APPROPRIATE EYE PROTECTION, GLOVES, AND PROTECTIVE ATTIRE. USE OF CONCENTRATED ACIDS AND BASES SHOULD BE DONE IN THE FUME HOOD. 

PROTECTIVE ATTIRE. USE OF CONCENTRATED ACIDS AND BASES SHOULD BE DONE IN THE FUME HOOD. 

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