Compressibility sodium chloride solutions

M. J. Garvey, D. Mitchell and A. L. Smith, Compression studies on a monolayer of polymer stabilized lattices at the air-2 molar sodium-chloride solution interface, Colloid Polym. Sci. 257, 70-74 (1979). 

Fig. 2.16. Adiabatic compressibility of aqueous sodium chloride solutions as a function of salt mole fraction, at various temperatures. The solid line is the calculated compressibility. The expected error is on the order of the dot size. (Reprinted from G. Onori, J. Chem. Phys. 89 510, 1988.)...

Water is the most important component. Wet dressings are generally used to cleanse, cool and relieve pruritus in acutely inflamed lesions, especially where there is much exudation, e.g. atopic eczema. The frequent reapplication and the cooling effect of evaporation of the water reduce the inflammatory response by inducing superficial vasoconstriction. Sodium chloride solution 0.9%, or solutions of astringent substances, e.g. aluminium acetate lotion, or potassium permanganate soaks or compresses of approx. 0.05%, can be used. The use of lotions or... 

The chlorine liquefaction plant comprises a bromine-removal column, a compression-condensation unit and a Tetra absorption/distillation unit (Fig. 14.2). Waste streams of chlorine are absorbed in diluted cell-liquor in the chlorine destruction area. As a result, the destruction liquid contains sodium chloride and less sodium hydroxide than is usual. Bromine from the bromine-removal column is also added to the chlorine destruction unit. The hypochlorite solution that is formed contains a reasonable amount of bromine and salts. However, it is a hypochlorite of non-marketable quality. 

The existence of this maximum of solulSility has been shown by F. Braun one compresses very slowly, to a pressure much higher than 1530 atmospheres, a saturated solution of sodium chloride in the presence of crystals of sea-salt after return to the ordinary pressure, the crystals placed in the piezometer are examined their faces are eaten and carry little cubical crystals of sodium chloride the sodium chloride must therefore dissolve during a part of the time of compression and precipitate during the rest of this time. 

AH+ and complex A1 ions. In their studies, soil scientists have tended to use electrolyte solutions which they see as relevant. Often the solution used is a dilute solution of calcium chloride. This contrasts with those who have studied oxides. Their choice of background electrolyte has been motivated by a desire to use electrolytes which are close to indifferent . Ideally, this means that neither the cation nor the anion has any affinity for the surface. In practice, it means that the affinity of both ions is small and similar. These differences in the choice of background electrolyte mean that the observed effects of pH differ. Fig. 8 shows that the decline in phosphate sorption by a soil with increasing pH is steeper when the background electrolyte is sodium chloride than when it is calcium chloride. This is because the presence of the divalent cation compresses the distribution of ions near the surface and the change with pH in the electric potential is less steep. 

For inhalation treatment of respiratory diseases, a pharmaceutical DNase I aerosol is on the market. Pulmozyme is a sterile solution for respiratory use at a concentration of 1000 Genentech Units/mL [22]. It contains 1 mg/mL rhDNase, sodium chloride as a tonicity modifier, calcium chloride as a stabilizer, and water for injection. Since deamidation is rapid at high pH and aggregation occurs at low pH, a nearly neutral solution (pH 6.3) is required. It is administered by means of a compressed air-driven nebulizer. Each 2.5-mL single-unit ampule will deliver 2.5 mg of rhDNase to the nebulizer chamber. The efficacy of DNase inhalation therapy largely depends on the aerosol quality and characteristics, which determine the respirable fraction. Significant differences were found between the different aerosol drug-delivery systems [68,81]. 

Like conventional glass-ionomers, resin-modified glass-ionomers may improve in strength as they age, which indicates that they, too, undergo slow maturation reactions [25,28]. In a study of compressive strength on early commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, the values shown in Table 7.2 were obtained for specimens stored in air at ambient humidity [25]. Storage in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride or in water masked this effect, for reasons explained in Section 7.5.1. 

Millero, F.J. G.K. Ward, F.K. Lepple, E.V. Hoff, "Isothermal compressibility of aqueous sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate solutions from 0 to 45 at 1 atm", J. Phys. Chem., v78, 16, pl636 (1974)... 

An improved salt spray test employed a mixture of sodium chloride and acetic acid. A solution containing 50 g/L of sodium chloride in distilled water is adjusted to a pH value between 3.2 and 3.4 (electrometric) with glacial acetic acid. The solution is sprayed through a small aperture atomizing nozzle and mixed with a compressed air stream. The solution usually is heated to 95 to 100°F (35 to 38°C). Failure under this test is assessed visually, and results generally are obtained within 48 to 72 h, depending on the coating system. 

The major source of chlorine is from electrolysis processes as a by-product of the electrolytic manufacture of caustic soda or by electrolysis of fosed sodium chloride or magnesium solution. Chlorine gas is dried by cooling and passing through concentrated sulphuric acid before being liquefied by compression at low temperature. Chlorine gas may be used to prepare in-situ diluted NaOCl solutions for bleaching of AD pastes. 

Millero FJ, Vinokurova F, Fernandez M, Hershey JP (1987) PVT properties of concentrated electrolytes. VI. The speed of sound and apparent molal compressibilities of sodium chloride, disodium sulfate, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate solutions from 0 to 100 °C. J Solut Chem 16 269-281... 

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