Compound words capitalization

The names of compounds are capitalized only at the start of a sentence, in which case only the hrst letter is capitalized. Even at the start of a sentence, words that signal stereochemistry—such as ortho (o), meta (m), para (p), ds, and trans—are lowercase (and italicized). 

In titles and headings, capitalize each component of compound words if the component would be capitalized when standing alone. 

If money is borrowed, interest must be paid over the time period if money is loaned out, interest income is expected to accumulate. In other words, there is a time value associated with the money. Before money flows from different years can be combined, a compound interest factor must be employed to translate all of the flows to a common present time. The present is arbitrarily assumed often it is either the beginning of the venture or start of production. If future flows are translated backward toward the present, the discount factor is of the form (1 + i) , where i is the annual discount rate in decimal form (10% = 0.10) and n is the number of years involved in the translation. If past flows are translated in a forward direction, a factor of the same form is used, except that the exponent is positive. Discounting of the cash flows gives equivalent flows at a common time point and provides for the cost of capital. 

However, novice writers also tend to capitalize words that should be written entirely in lowercase letters. For example, the names of molecules, compounds, and solvents are all written in lowercase ... 

Column entries Use lowercase for words in columns (e.g., ethanol not Ethanol) unless the word is normally capitalized (e.g., EtOH). Use unbolded font unless the entry is normally bolded (e.g., 2, when 2 is a compound label). 

Do not capitalize chemical names or nonproprietary drug names unless they are at the beginning of a sentence or are in a title or heading. In such cases, capitalize the first letter of the English word, not the locant, stereoisomer descriptor, or positional prefix. (See Chapter 12, Names and Numbers for Chemical Compounds .)... 

The names of chemical compounds may consist of one or more words, and they may include locants, descriptors, and syllabic portions. Locants and descriptors can be numerals, element symbols, small capital letters, Greek letters, Latin letters, italic words and letters, and combinations of these. Treat the word or syllabic portions of chemical names just like other common nouns use roman type, keep them lowercase in text, capitalize them at the beginnings of sentences and in titles, and hyphenate them only when they do not fit completely on one line. 

Assume for simplicity that the total plant cost is paid as a lump sum amount at a future date, which is specified by the payback period. In other words, if a payback period of 5 years is chosen, the full plant cost will be paid in a single amount 5 years from the present date. Information has been supplied relating the compound interest rate charged on the capital cost of the plant. Hence, in order to determine the future plant cost, the compound interest formula must be employed. 

There are 109 elements in existence, and more than 13 million compounds. Many of the elements are familiar to us. Examples include various metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, and lead. Also familiar are elements that are not metals (nonmetals). Examples of these are helium, hydrogen, oxygen, and iodine. For convenience, all elements have been assigned symbols. A symbol consists of one or two letters, the first a capital letter and the second, if used, a lower case letter. These letters are derived from either the English name or the Latin name of the element. For example, Al is the symbol for aluminum, and I is the symbol for iodine. In these two examples, the symbol is either the first letter or the first two letters of the English name. The symbol Fe represents iron and is derived from its Latin name ferrum. Other examples are Cu (from cuprum, the Latin word for copper), Na (from natrium, the Latin word for sodium), and Pb (for plumbum, the Latin word for lead). All 109 elements are listed in a table that chemists have developed, known as the periodic table. The periodic table contains the names and symbols of all the elements, as well as some numeric information. This numeric information will become important to us as our study of chemistry proceeds. However, for the present discussion, let us take a look at the periodic table and especially notice the names and symbols. An example of a periodic table is presented in Figure 1.2. 

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