Compositional shifts hypothesis

The hypothesis (1-3) that all native celluloses are a composite of two crystalline allomorphs, designated and Ig, has been further tested using C solid state NMR. In particular, two alternate origins of sharp resonance features were considered in addition to the usual origin, the crystalline unit cell. The first source is ordered layers on crystal surfaces the second is possible anistropic bulk magnetic susceptibility (ABMS) shifts associated with well defined fibril patterns (tertiary morphology). 

Unfortunately, the knowledge about the effects of mycotoxin exposure on the human microbiome is still limited and reported studies mainly refer to the role played by intestinal microflora in mycotoxin detoxification in animals. Nonetheless, mycotoxins may actually affect the gut microflora, as some of them exhibit antimicrobial activities in animals. In addition, it has been proven that chronic exposure to low doses of DON may induce a shift towards intestinal aerobic bacteria in pigs. Since the number and composition of intestinal microflora are significantly modified in inflammatory bowel diseases in humans, with an increase in the number of aerobic bacteria and a parallel decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria, mycotoxin exposure might represent a potential risk factor for chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Since data supporting or contrasting these hypothesis are still poor, further studies should be addressed to better understand the role played by mycotoxins in the imbalance of intestinal microflora in humans. 

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