Composition/functionality relationship

Explore the composition-function relationships of dopants in ZnO hosts... 

A direct approach to determining composition-functionality relationships begins by separating the different chemical components. Once the components have been isolated—say, from a cereal flour—it is possible to proceed in two main ways. The first is to add the component in different amounts to the flour and measure the response in terms of some parameter of functionality. This approach has been used for elucidating the effects of lipids and proteins of wheat flour. 

It is useful here to mention briefly some of the technology that is being developed to manipulate genes in order to modify functionality. Gene transfer technology (transformation) was mentioned in Chapter 11 as a means for determining protein composition-functionality relationships. In principle, it can also be used in plant breeding. Until now, its applica-... 

Generally, the rate of reaction depends on three principal functions temperature, pressure, and composition. However, as a result of phase rule and thermodynamics, there is a relationship between temperature, pressure, and composition. This relationship can be expressed as ... 

The results of the micromechanics studies of composite materials with unidirectional fibers will be presented as plots of an individual mechanical property versus the fiber-volume fraction. A schematic representation of several possible functional relationships between a property and the fiber-volume fraction is shown in Figure 3-4. In addition, both upper and lower bounds on those functional relationships will be obtained. 

AS can be obtained. In most practical applications, the parameter is the solvent composition (41-44, 192-194) however, the functional relationships are of complicated form and have not been expressed algebraically. A slightly different approach makes use of the relationship between log k and the parameter usually the substituent constant a—at different temperatures. From the temperature dependence of the slope—the reaction constant p—the value of /3 is then obtained indirectly (3, 155). Consider the generalized Hammett equation (9, 17) in the form... 

More rigorous relationships can be obtained from the detailed tray hydraulic equations to include the effects of vapor rate, densities, compositions, etc. We will assume a simple functional relationship between liquid holdup and liquid rate. 

The challenge for modeling the water balance in CCL is to link the composite, porous morphology properly with liquid water accumulation, transport phenomena, electrochemical kinetics, and performance. At the materials level, this task requires relations between composihon, porous structure, liquid water accumulation, and effective properhes. Relevant properties include proton conductivity, gas diffusivihes, liquid permeability, electrochemical source term, and vaporizahon source term. Discussions of functional relationships between effective properties and structure can be found in fhe liferafure. Because fhe liquid wafer saturation, 5,(2)/ is a spatially varying function at/o > 0, these effective properties also vary spatially in an operating cell, warranting a self-consistent solution for effective properties and performance. 

On the alloy surface the reaction proceeded both via the anhydride and formate intermediates (117). As the copper concentration was increased, the formate species dominated the reaction, until at 63% copper the CO/COj ratio was less than 0.1. This change was due to the decrease in the amount of anhydride formed with increasing copper and the corresponding increase in formate. Since only the anhydride decomposition produced CO, the relative amount of anhydride formed could be determined as a function of surface composition. This relationship is shown in Fig. 21 the anhydride concentration fell as the fourth power of the nickel concentration, suggesting the requirement of four nickel atoms for its stabilization. This value agreed with the earlier determination for the saturation density of anhydride intermediates on Ni(llO) (99). 

Up to now, the mass-continuity equations (e.g., Eq. 3.124) have been written in terms of the mass-flux vector j, which is a function of the species composition field. As noted in Section 3.5.2, different levels of theory can used to specify the functional relationship between flux and composition gradients, and mass flux can also depend on temperature or... 

We seek the functional relationship between the yield of sodium and potassium bicarbonates and the composition of the initial sylvanite solution. The factors controlling the potassium utilization, in the carbonization process are chosen to be the per cent ratios of two of three components making up the system ... 

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