Composite terminology

When Fj = 1/f2, the copolymer composition curve will be either convex or concave when viewed from the Fj axis, depending on whether Fj is greater or less than unity. The further removed from unity rj is, the farther the composition curve will be displaced from the 45° line. This situation is called ideal copolymerization. The example below explores the origin of this terminology. 

In order to describe completely the state of triaxial (as opposed to biaxial) stress in an anisotropic material, the compliance matrix will have 36 terms. The reader is referred to the more advanced composites texts listed in the Bibliography if these more complex states of stress are of interest. It is conventional to be consistent and use the terminology of the more general analysis even when one is considering the simpler plane stress situation. Hence, the compliance matrix [5] has the terms... 

Throughout this bocdt, several mass-exchange operations will be considered simultaneously. It is therefore necessary to use a unified terminology such that y is always the composition in die rich phase and x is the composition in the lean phase. The reader is cautioned here that tiiis terminology may be different ftom other literature, in which y is used for gas-phase composition and x is used for liquid-phase composition. 

The basic terminology of fiber-reinforced composite laminates will be introduced in the following paragraphs. For a lamina, the configurations and functions of the constituent materials, fibers and matrix, will be described. The characteristics of the fibers and matrix are then discussed. Finally, a laminate is defined to round out this introduction to the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite laminates. 

Finally, a word on terminology. Many AI methods learn by inspecting examples, which come in a variety of forms. They might comprise a set of infrared spectra of different samples, the abstracts from a large number of scientific articles, a set of solid materials defined by their composition and their emission spectrum at high temperature, or the results from a series of medical tests. In this text, we refer to these examples, no matter what their nature, as "sample patterns."... 

The simplified terminology in which a certain pharmacological quality (e.g., agonist or antagonist) is ascribed to one compound is meaningless when the activity is highly dependent on the receptor subunit composition. 

FIGURE 4.7 Four different cases with pertinent terminology involving changes in isomeric composition generating a 4 1 mixture of products, max = theoretical maximum. The expression enantiomerization of the residue is applicable in all situations. 

The terminology error invariably refers to the difference in the numerical values between a measured value and the true value. It has become universally accepted in methods of comparison that the percentage composition of a standard sample provided and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or the British Pharmacopoea Chemical Reference Substance (BPCRS) or the European Pharmacopoea... 

Two to 3 percent of the world s total asbestos production has been of the crocidolite variety, most of which has come from South Africa. Western Australia was a minor producer of crocidolite between 1944 and 1966. All amosite has been mined in the Transvaal Province of South Africa (2 to 3 percent of the world total). The only significant anthophyllite production came from Finland, where about 350,000 tons were mined between 1918 and 1966. Table 2.6 lists the composition, optical, and diffraction characteristics of the six asbestos minerals. More information on individual mineral species can be found in the references accompanying the sections on serpentine and amphibole types. Discussion of the geology, terminology, and exploitation of the several types of asbestos can be found in Ross (1981). 

In addition to the structural and compositional differences between polymers, Flory [1953] stressed the very significant difference in the mechanism by which polymer molecules are built up. Although Flory continued to use the terms condensation and addition in his discussions of polymerization mechanism, the more recent terminology classifies polymerizations into step and chain polymerizations. 

The second difference is that the correlations between samples are calculated rather than the correlations between elements. In the terminology of Rozett and Peterson ( ), the correlation between elements would be an R analysis while the correlation between samples would be a Q analysis. Thus, the applications of factor analysis discussed above are R analyses. Imbrle and Van Andel ( 6) and Miesch (J 7) have found Q-mode analysis more useful for interpreting geological data. Rozett and Peterson (J ) compared the two methods for mass spectrometric data and concluded that the Q-mode analysis provided more significant informtlon. Thus, a Q-mode analysis on the correlation about the origin matrix for correlations between samples has been made (18,19) for aerosol composition data from Boston and St. Louis. 

The terminology of the elements suffuses our language, sometimes divorced from the questions of composition to which it once referred. Plumbing today is more likely to be made from plastic pipes than from the Romans (lead) the lead in pencils is no such thing. Cadmium Red paints often contain no cadmium at all. Tin cans have no more than the thinnest veneer of metallic tin it is too valuable for more. The American nickel contains relatively little of that metal. And when was the last time that a Frenchman s pocketful of jingling argent made of real silver ... 

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