Components of a system

The use of the fluidization technique requires in almost all cases the employment of a fluidized-bed system rather than an isolated piece of equipment. Figure 17-7 illustrates the arrangement of components of a system. 

Even when a total system analysis is unnecessai y, the methodology of mathematical modeling is useful, because by considering each component of a system as a block of a flow sheet, the interrelationships become much clearer. Additional alternatives often become apparent, as does the need for more equipment-performance data. 

A filter is a component of a system which, in conjunction with other components, can contribute toward a better indoor environment. 

If X is tlie failure rate of each component of a system, then X is the average nmiiber of failures per miit of time. The probability of x failures in tlie specified unit of time is obtained by substituting p = >Lt in Eq. (20.5.4) to obtain... 

Entropy can be defined in several quantitative ways. If ITis the number of ways to arrange the components of a system without changing the internal... 

The ideal concept is usually a good approximation for close boiling components of a system, wherein the components are all of the same family of hydrocarbons or chemicals for example paraffin hydrocarbons. When odd or non-family components are present, the possibility of deviations from non-ideality becomes greater, or if the system is a wide boiling range of components. 

With fluid or gas as the transmission medium, various components of a system can be located at convenient places on the machine. Fluid power can be transmitted and controlled quickly and efficiently up, down, and around comers with few controlling elements. 

The energy of a system can be changed by means of thermal energy or work energy, but a further possibility is to add or subtract moles of various substances to or from the system. The free energy of a pure substance depends upon its chemical nature, its quantity (AG is an extensive property), its state (solid, liquid or gas), and temperature and pressure. Gibbs called the partial molar free heat content (free energy) of the component of a system its chemical potential... 

Consider, for definiteness, a set of otherwise identical lowest-level components of a system, so that the hierarchy is a tree of constant depth. Since we assume that the components are all identical, the only distinction among the various nodes of the hierarchy consists of the structure of the subtrees. Now suppose we have a tree T that consists of /3 subtrees branching out from the root at the top level. We need to determine the number of different interactions that can occur on each level, independent of the structure of each subtree i.e. isomorphic copies of trees do not contribute to our count. We therefore need to find the number of nonisomorphic subtrees. We can do this recursively. 

Chemical and physical nonlinearities are caused by interactions among the components of a system. They include such effects as peak shifting and broadening as a function of the concentration of one or more components in the sample. Instrumental nonlinearities are caused by imperfections and/or nonideal behavior in the instrument. For example, some detectors show a... 

The oldest records (a-c) and Fig. 1-2 clearly show a strong degree of temporal correlation between three biologically involved atmospheric components and climate (as indicated by temperature). Because there is a sound physical basis for the involvement of all three in climatic processes, it is necessary to study, view, and understand these variables and climate as linked components of a system. They are all dependent variables and carmot be viewed as independent with climate being imposed as an exogenous factor. 

The concise Oxford dictionary of current English defines a model as a simplified. . . description of a system etc., to assist calculations and predictions. One can apply this definition in its wider sense to any intellectual activity (or its product) that tries to make out the components of a system and to predict the outcome of their interaction. Thus, to think is to model (beware, though, that the reverse is not necessarily true). 

Structural theory facilitates the evaluation of exergy cost and incorporation of thermoeconomics functional analysis (Erlach et al., 1999). It is a common formulation for the various thermoeconomic methods providing the costing equations from a set of modeling equations for the components of a system. The structural theory needs a productive structure displaying how the resource... 

We can use an object to describe any concept, including the active components of a system, whether people, hardware, or software or groups or parts thereof. Similarly, we can use a type to describe the behavior of such objects and use actions to describe its participation in interactions with other objects. 

The system remains at equilibrium as long as the container is not opened. Note that small changes to the components of a system are sometimes negligible. Thus, equilibrium principles can be applied if a system is not physically closed. For example, consider the equilibrium of a solid in a saturated aqueous solution, such as CaO(s) + H20( ) Ca (aq) + 20H (aq). You can neglect the small amount of water that vaporizes from the open beaker during an experiment. 

The design of any DCC experiment involves several components, loosely aligned with the components of a system undergoing Darwinian evolution (Fig. 1.4) (1) a library of building blocks (components of a population), (2) a reversible reaction (analogous to a mutagenesis method or reproduction), (3) a selection mechanism, and (4) an analytical method. The relatively short history of DCC has seen many innovative approaches to... 

Hershko, A., Ganoth, D., Sudakin, V., Dahan, A., Cohen, L.H., Luca, F.C., Ruderman, J.V. and Eytan, E. (1994). Components of a system that ligates cyclin to ubiquitin and their regulation by protein kinase cdc2. J. Biol. Chem. 269,4940-4946. 

With present-day techniques, it can be further used to separate and quantitatively estimate the components of mixtures of closely (elated substances, such as members of a homogeneous series. The basis for the first purpose is frequently that of solubility or of widely differing partition ratios. As the purpose of the 1st method is the removal of one or several < components of a system, the process may be called Extraction for Removal Purposes... 

Furman et al. discussing the validation of computerised liquid chromatographic systems, present the concept of modular and holistic qualification. Modular qualification involves the individual components of a system such as pump, autosampler, column heater and detector of an HPLC. The authors make the point that ... 

The current system is in crisis. The system has failed to address the needs of the developing world and it is in danger of failing to address the needs of the developed world too. But we know from the loM s report on the healthcare delivery system and from observations on the way complex adaptive systems behave that all the components of a system must share a goal in order to achieve it. So we know that reframing the obligations of one component of the system, the pharmaceuticals, will not be enough to achieve the outcomes we want. 

In order for the induced dipole moment, ft, to transform as a vector, the spherical harmonics describing the various orientations have to be coupled in an appropriate way. We write the induced dipole components of a system of two molecules of arbitrary symmetry, according to [141]... 

Phase Equilibria. Phase diagrams represent the chemical equilibria that exist among one, two. or three components of a system under the influence of temperature and pressure Reference, to a phase diagram permits the determination of the amount and composition of solid and liquid phases that coexist under certain specified conditions of temperature and pressure for a particular system. Using such information, the occurrence of physical and chemical changes within a system or between systems at high temperatures can be predicted. 

The product mix (Table 1) is observed to vary as a function of both the solvent in which the product is synthesized and the organofimctional group. Appropriate selection will depend on the resin component of a system and also on the zircoaluminate solvent which will determine the dispersibility of the active component and thereby the performance (see Section 4.2.2). 

Xi = generalised force 0j = flux of species i Llk = phenomenological coefficient E = electrical potential difference A P= pressure difference Le = electrical conductivity of one square cm of membrane n = number of components of a system ut = velocity of component i i3j j = friction coefficients 7, - = electrical transport number lt = reduced transport number or transference number z( = charge of ion i vt = partial volume of ion i per gmol vD — partial volume of the solvent per gmol... 

Increasing the concentration of any component of a system at equilibrium will cause a shift resulting in using up some of the added substance. For examples, suppose we were to add some hydrogen to the reaction below in which all participants are gases. 

---