Complexation, interfacial metal

Modern measurement methods of the liquid-liquid interfacial reaction were reviewed as well as specific features of the interfacial reactions, notably the complexation of metal ions and the aggregation of complexes. The prospect of interfacial analytical methods is summarized as follows ... 

Professor Doron Aurbach of Bar-Ilan University, Israel, contribute Chap. 6, which provides a review of the surface chemistry of cathode materials including transition metal spinel, transition metal layer, transition metal phosphate, and oxygen cathode materials in nonaqueous electrolytes. Dr. Jordi Cabana of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory wrote Chap. 7, which provides an overview of the experimental tools and the kind of information they can offer with representative examples in the literature. It is important to recognize that no single technique can currently provide the answers to these complex interfacial phenomena in Li and Li-ion batteries. 

Other high molecular weight components in petroleum have been identified by Yen (18) as porphyrin structures that effectively complex with metals such as nickel and vanadium. These metallo-porphyrins have been shown to exhibit interfacial activity when contacted with an aqueous phase (19,20). The film forming tendencies that these particular metalliferrous constituents have at an... 

DBC complexes with metal salts in the water-benzene system are the products of the interfacial reaction [119]. The measured work of adsorption (15.9 kJ/mol) can be taken as a sum of the free energy of complex formation and work of adsorption of DBC at the water-benzene interface. The dissolution of complexes in bulk phases was neglected. The interfacial constants of complex formation (Table 3) calculated from the work of adsorption are close to the constants determined in the mixed solvent - water-tetrahydrofuran [114]. The only exceptions are the complexes of DBC with Ba " and La salts. Apparently this is due to stronger Coulomb repulsion of ions in DBC-salt complexes at the interface as compared to the bulk phases. (At the interface, the anions... 

The ionophore-mediated transport of metal ions may be considered in two parts interfacial reactions and the actual transport of complexes across the membrane interior. Clearly, the overall transport activity of an ionophore depends not only on its ability to form lipophilic complexes with metals but also on the ability of such complexes to traverse the membrane interior and to dissociate at the other side of the membrane. By studying the ability of the series of aromatic and alicyclic ligands (1) to enhance the rate of Ca + efflux from vesicles, Wun and Bittman were able... 

The diffusion current Id depends upon several factors, such as temperature, the viscosity of the medium, the composition of the base electrolyte, the molecular or ionic state of the electro-active species, the dimensions of the capillary, and the pressure on the dropping mercury. The temperature coefficient is about 1.5-2 per cent °C 1 precise measurements of the diffusion current require temperature control to about 0.2 °C, which is generally achieved by immersing the cell in a water thermostat (preferably at 25 °C). A metal ion complex usually yields a different diffusion current from the simple (hydrated) metal ion. The drop time t depends largely upon the pressure on the dropping mercury and to a smaller extent upon the interfacial tension at the mercury-solution interface the latter is dependent upon the potential of the electrode. Fortunately t appears only as the sixth root in the Ilkovib equation, so that variation in this quantity will have a relatively small effect upon the diffusion current. The product m2/3 t1/6 is important because it permits results with different capillaries under otherwise identical conditions to be compared the ratio of the diffusion currents is simply the ratio of the m2/3 r1/6 values. 

The recovery of petroleum from sandstone and the release of kerogen from oil shale and tar sands both depend strongly on the microstmcture and surface properties of these porous media. The interfacial properties of complex liquid agents—mixtures of polymers and surfactants—are critical to viscosity control in tertiary oil recovery and to the comminution of minerals and coal. The corrosion and wear of mechanical parts are influenced by the composition and stmcture of metal surfaces, as well as by the interaction of lubricants with these surfaces. Microstmcture and surface properties are vitally important to both the performance of electrodes in electrochemical processes and the effectiveness of catalysts. Advances in synthetic chemistry are opening the door to the design of zeolites and layered compounds with tightly specified properties to provide the desired catalytic activity and separation selectivity. 

The detailed mechanism of forming O2 from water involves a number of elementary reaction steps, so that photoinduced interfacial coordination reactions are needed that may induce water species to form metal complexes, which are gradually oxidized and may, thereby, liberate oxygen. This may be done by introducing... 

Armstrong FA, Cox PA, Hill HAO, Lowe VJ, Ohver BN. 1987. Metal-ions and complexes as modulators of protein interfacial electron-transport at graphite-electrodes. J Electroanal Chem217 331-366. 

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