Complex polymers resins

SCHEME 57. Polymer resins for complex formation with oxo-vanadium(V) ions... 

Polymeric resin sulfonic acids including sulfonic acid resins complexed with Lewis acids and perfluorinated polymer resin acids (Nafion-H and Nafion-silica nanocomposites). 

Ion- Exchange Unit This unit would probably service all three plants (ammonia, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate) in the chemicals complex, and would consist of a series of packed beds containing various organic polymer resins for the removal of unwanted divalent and monovalent ions. 

Adhesive Any compound that can stick two surfaces together is classified as an adhesive. A simple example is starch. A more complex example is thermoset polymer resins such as epoxy. 

A well-studied addition-cure phenolic resin utilizes the Diels-Alder reaction for its preparation. The result is a complex polymer that originates from a diallyl phenol and a diimide (for example, see structures 2 and 3, respectively). Initially, compounds 2 and 3 react across the double bond of the imide ring and the allylic group to generate a diene [see Eq. (6)]. Compound 2 then serves as the dienophile. The polymer forms from the reaction of the diene with 2. The amount of 2 relative to the diene affects the properties of the resulting polymer, as does the cure temperature. Some of these properties will be summarized... 

Hetero-coagulation This mechanism involves adsorption of oppositely charged particles, e.g., complexes of resin acids and aluminum sulfate, on the surfaces of fibers and filler particles. Hetero-coagulation is sensitive to soluble anionic wood polymers and electrolytes, with which cationic sizing particles, preferentially interact. 

As carbene complexes have become proficient catalysts, their incorporation into recyclable catalyst systems has grown into a field of its own. The most common strategy for recovering a catalyst for subsequent use is to append it to a heterogeneous support (e.g., a PS bead), and both Fischer carbenes and NHCs have been incorporated into polymers for this purpose. The first polymer-bound Fischer carbene complexes were reported by Mariorana and Seneci in 1999 [51], for use in soHd-phase organic synthesis for combinatorial chemistry. These materials were prepared via the attachment of chromium carbene complexes to a polymer resin... 

The main reason for the recent popularity of nanotechnology is that the reduction of the dimensions of a material to nanosize leads to new specific properties [82]. It is crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanical properties of CNFs in order to incorporate them into polymer resins to fabricate CNFs-reinforced nanocomposites. Because of the structural complexity of CNFs derived from variations in inner and outer wall thickness, cone angle, orientation of graphite plane, and C-C bonds, determination of their mechanical properties had posted considerable difficulties. To date, direct measurement of tensile properties of CNFs is accessible only with the aid... 

Unsaturated polyester resins are complex polymers resulting from a crosslinking reaction of a liquid unsaturated polyester with vinyl-type monomers, most often a styrene monomer. The unsaturated polyester is formed via the condensation reaction of an unsaturated dibasic acid or anhydride, a saturated dibasic acid or anhydride, and a polyfunctional alcohol [32]. 

Several chelating or metal-complexing polymers were reported in Volume 1 of the series (p. 362). There is still considerable activity in this area and polystyrene remains one of the most widely-used supports. Selective chelate-forming ion-exchange resins were prepared from polystyrene by nitration followed by reduction, diazotization then coupling with aromatic amines and derivatives of phenol. Poly(styryl-l,8-naphthyridine) (7) also functions as a chelating agent with Cu ,... 

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