Competition, problems

Ultimately, there exists at least one other means to address the competitiveness problem, other than free allocation of allowances. A tax or auctioned allowances with a border-tax adjustment as assessed in Demailly and Quirion (2005a, 2005b) offers the best of both worlds compared with grandfathering, it prevents leakage and compared with output-based allocation, it induces consumers to take into account the C02-intensity of the different building materials in their decisions, and does not suffer from the above-mentioned clinker dilemma. 

From the preceding presentation it is easily inferred that different behaviors are obtained when the key species, that is, that at which the different chemical routes are branched, exists only within the stagnant layer or exists in the bulk solution, as schematized in Fig. 3. In the latter case, the competition problem is analogous to the homogeneous chemical situation, owing to the equivalences established previously. For example, let us consider a reaction sequence like that in Fig. 3 (case a or b) ... 

Competitive Problems in the DruS Industry Hearings before the Subcommittee on Monopoly of the Senate Select Committee on Small Business (pt. I) 90th Cong., 1st Sess. passim (1967), cited in note, The General Accounting Office s Access to Government Contractor s... 

As far as the Second Directive and more recent publications are concerned, there is a considerable amount of discussion about fair access to networks, but almost no discussion on the competitive problems that may arise when pipeline network owners ship their own gas. The lack of... 

There is no competitive situation for data storage disks with embossed iaformation (CD-ROM) and recordable/nonerasable disks (WORM) no counterpart to CD-ROM and WORM exists among magnetic memories. EOD drives are best compared to floppies and removable hard disk media given their possibiUty of easy and problem-free disk exchange and a capacity on the order of that of removable magnetic media (Tape, Bernoulli, SyQuest). 

A researcher studying a specialty chemical business or a specific specialty chemical company should pay particular attention to these nidiments innovative talents, service faciUties and performance, marketing abiUties, and responsiveness to customer needs. Of these, the last may be the key criterion in most cases. A company that frequendy is first with the solution to a customer s problem (even if the solution is sometimes less than perfect) usually holds the customer and a dominant market share against future competition. 

This article provides a basic, step-by-step approach to problem solving in the practice and management of patents and trade secrets. The significance of aggressive patent and trade secret protection to the economic well-being of a business or organization should not be underestimated. Without patents and trade secrets, the marketplace is reduced to competition on the basis of price, which may be very difficult. 

If the production of vinyl chloride could be reduced to a single step, such as dkect chlorine substitution for hydrogen in ethylene or oxychlorination/cracking of ethylene to vinyl chloride, a major improvement over the traditional balanced process would be realized. The Hterature is filled with a variety of catalysts and processes for single-step manufacture of vinyl chloride (136—138). None has been commercialized because of the high temperatures, corrosive environments, and insufficient reaction selectivities so far encountered. Substitution of lower cost ethane or methane for ethylene in the manufacture of vinyl chloride has also been investigated. The Lummus-Transcat process (139), for instance, proposes a molten oxychlorination catalyst at 450—500°C to react ethane with chlorine to make vinyl chloride dkecfly. However, ethane conversion and selectivity to vinyl chloride are too low (30% and less than 40%, respectively) to make this process competitive. Numerous other catalysts and processes have been patented as weU, but none has been commercialized owing to problems with temperature, corrosion, and/or product selectivity (140—144). Because of the potential payback, however, this is a very active area of research. 

Hori ntalEetort. In 1800, the first commercial zinc process made use of the horizontal retort. In 1980, only three such plants remain because they are not competitive in terms of labor and fuel costs. Furthermore, the dust produced presents a serious pollution problem. Nevertheless, in 1956, the tonnage of zinc produced from horizontal retorts was above that of any previous year. The only remaining operation is in Russia with a capacity of 10,000 annual MT. 

Many problems need to be solved before chemurgic materials can be economically used as feedstocks. Among these problems are the recovery, purification, and fractionation of the diverse materials. However, none of these problems are insurmountable. Serious concerns are the supply of the raw material, the relative costs of competitive materials, and competition with other uses for the raw materials. Competition is particularly significant because materials, such as wood, could easily be used in many cases for pulping or even higher value products, such as stmctural timber. Municipal soHd waste offers a substitute raw material with few other uses (33). 

Many of the technical problems of fabrication that formerly inhibited the use of titanium alloys in dental castings (164—166) have been effectively solved, and titanium castings may now be obtained for virtually any type of dental appHance at prices that are increasingly competitive. Special induction or electric-arc furnaces are necessary for casting titanium alloys, and this specialized equipment has, until now, been available in only a limited number of commercial dental laboratories. However, the relatively high price of this equipment, attributed to development costs, is expected to decline significantly this should help to improve the general availabihty of cast titanium appHances. 

A toller with a good histoiy of HS E performance is able to obtain advantageous insurance rates and expends less of their revenue on legal problems, thus helping with their potential for cost competitiveness in the final bid. A toller in good financial standing is more likely to expend capital to install adequate safeguards. 

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