Commonwealth of Independent

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly the USSR), nearly 50% of the CIS production comes from Ka2akhstan. Silver is produced from the lead—2inc mines at Ostkamen, Shymkent, and Leninogorsk (ca 1000 t) and also in Russia s Far East, where it is a by-product of the tin deposits near Khabarovsk, and of the copper and gold deposits in the Ural Mountains. 

Electrolysis. Although in Western countries the aluminothermic process has now completely replaced the electrolytic method, electrolysis is beheved to be the method used for calcium production in the People s RepubHc of China and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This process likely involves the production of a calcium—copper alloy, which is then redistilled to give calcium metal. 

Calcium metal is produced in the United States by Pfizer Inc., Canaan, Coimecticut, and in Canada by Timminco Metals, Toronto, Ontario. In France it is produced by Pechiney ElectrometaHurgie. It is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the People s RepubHc of China. Both Pfizer and Timminco supply the various grades in a variety of sizes and forms. In addition, Pfizer suppHes an 80% Ca—20% Mg alloy and a steel-clad calcium wire for use in deoxidation of steel and other metals. Timminco and Pfizer both supply ca 75% Ca—25% Al alloy for use in lead alloying. Timminco also suppHes a 70% Mg—30% Ca alloy for use in lead debismuthizing (18), and calcium particulate products, which are purchased by several companies for the manufacture of cored wire for use in the steel industry. 

Known world coal reserves in 1990 were estimated to be about 1000—1600 biUion metric tons (4). The geographic distribution of these reserves is widespread, but about two-thirds of this coal resides in the United States, People s RepubHc of China, and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

In Russia, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Croatia, the amounts of gas in this category are calculated for undrilled structures and horizons not tested by drilling in discovered deposits, in which favourable geological and geophysical data suggest that the existence of reserves may be anticipated. 

Turkey United Kingdom USA CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States] Slovenia, Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina, The Former Viigoslav Republic of Macedonia... 

Natural gas and petroleum pipelines play a crucial role in Russia s economy, both in distributing fuel to domestic industrial consumers and in supporting exports to Europe and countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR). Their complex network connects production regions with virtually all of Russia s centers of population and industry. Pipelines are especially important because of the long distances between Siberian oil and gas fields and Russia s European industrial centers as well as countries to the west. 

Chloroprene production can be equated approximately to the amount of polymer produced. World production of dry polychloroprene was 135 thousand tonnes in 1960, 254 thousand tonnes in 1970, 314 thousand tonnes in 1980 and 321 thousand tonnes in 1989 (Stewart, 1993). World polychloroprene capacity in 1983 was reported to be (thousand tonnes) United States, 213 Germany, 60 France, 40 United Kingdom, 30 Japan, 85 and centrally plarmed economy countries, 220 (Kleinschmidt, 1986). Current capacities are reported to be (thousand tonnes) United States, 163 Germany, 60 France, 40 United Kingdom, 33 Japan, 88 central Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 40 and People s Republic of China, 20 (International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers, 1997). 

The security of energy supplies constitutes the cornerstone of the security of any nation. The recent history of relationships between the Western countries and countries in the Middle East provides a sound proof thereof. Proceeding from the experience of over-dependence on the energy supplies from the Middle East the United States and the European Union have set a rule of having at least three suppliers as a pre-condition for assuring their energy security. This scheme has proved itself to be a very effective mechanism for several decades. But, this is not the case for countries within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - in the post Soviet space. 

Invented by S.V. Lebedev in Leningrad in 1929 and used in Germany during World War II. In 1997, the process was still in use in the Commonwealth of Independent States, Poland, and Brazil. 

Patents may be valid for 10 up to 20 years, depending on the individual country. With a few exceptions the patent duration starts at the time of filing of the application. EPO and OAPI countries as well as most other countries, including Canada, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Czech and Slovak Republics, South Korea and Mexico, offer patent protection for 20 years from the date of filing. Patents in the USA are valid for 17 years after issue. In Japan patent duration is limited to 15 years after issue with a maximum of 20 years between the filing of the application and the end of the patent term. Patent protection in Australia and New Zealand is 16 years from the filing date. 

Phosphate containing rock in certain areas contains a few-percent of lanthanides, e. g. the apatite deposits in the Kola peninsula in the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.). Loparite, a Nb-mincral containing rare-earths is also present and is the leading source of rare-earihs for the C.I.S. [8]. 

Profile ChemStar offers scientific and business cooperation in screening organic substances for the development of new products to be used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and other fields. Company information indicates that it is associated with leading chemists of the Commonwealth of Independent... 

CIS. In the Commonwealth of Independent States, there are over 15 ethylene production units. Eleven are located in Russia, two in Ukraine, and one each in Azerbaijan and Belarus. 

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