Common salt, sodium chloride

Kochsalz, n. common salt (sodium chloride), -bad, n. (common) salt bath brine bath, -flamme, /. sodium chloride flame. 

Halides Metal ion(s) + halogen ion Common salt (sodium chloride), a component of animal diets Fluorite (calcium fluoride), a lapidary material and flux... 

Later in the history of Alchemy, the mercury-sulphur theory was extended by the addition of a third elementary principle, salt. As in the case of philosophical sulphur and mercury, by this term was not meant common salt (sodium chloride) or any of those... 

Salt is the general name of a set of compounds that are formed when an acid reacts with, or is neutralized by, a base or alkali. Common salt, sodium chloride, is only one of many thousands of salts. 

There are a number of mineral and metallic salts which have a long association with the alchemical art. The fifteenth century alchemist, Isaac Holland describes The Hand of the Philosophers as being an assembly of important salts in alchemical works. These salts include Niter (potassium nitrate), Sal Ammoniac (ammonium chloride), Vitriol (copper or iron sulfate), Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), and common salt (sodium chloride). 

The Key of the Hand, on the little finger is salt. This is common salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), obtained as sea salt or that which is mined from the earth, called Sal Gemma. 

It is also often difficult because there are several types of bitterness. Saltiness is quite different, the only salty taste being that of common salt (sodium chloride). 

Common salt, sodium chloride, occurs widely in nature, both as deposits left by ancient seas and in the ocean, where its average concentration is 2.6%. 

Chemists work with substances, which they attempt to purify one from another by making use of differences in their physical properties. For example, a mixture of salt and sand is separated because salt dissolves in water and sand does not later, the salt can be recovered by boiling off the water. A substance which cannot be split by such physical methods into separate components is a compound. All chemical compounds, and there are many hundreds of millions of them, are formed by combination, in varying proportions of two or more, of a small number (about a hundred) of chemical elements the elements can neither be converted into each other nor split into simpler substances by chemical means. The elements are represented by symbols, C for carbon, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, etc. the compounds are indicated by a combination of these symbols. For example, common salt - sodium chloride - is NaCl. 

Microscopically the distinction can be observed in the definite shapes of crystals, which reflect the regular atomic arrangements compare, for example, the cubic faces of common salt (sodium chloride) crystals with the irregular and often... 

Common salt (sodium chloride) has been used to preserve food since earliest times. It is, therefore, quite possible that naturally-occurring alum was first employed to treat skins when it was mistaken for common salt. The special properties of these particular crystals were noted and exploited for making... 

Each element has a characteristic line spectrum that can be used to identify the element. Note that line emission spectra can also be obtained by heating a salt of a metal with a flame. For instance, common salt (sodium chloride) provides a strong yellow light to the flame coming from excited sodium, while copper salts emit a blue-green light and lithium salts a red light. The colors of fireworks are due to this phenomenon. 

The structure of common salt (sodium chloride) an exploded view on the left and the actual structure on the right. This pattern continues potentially indefinitely, and comes to an end only at the edge of a crystal. Note that each sodium cation (the small spheres) is in contact with six chloride ions (the large spheres), and vice versa. 

The first significant step forward was the discovery that water is cooled when salts are dissolved in it, such as common salt (sodium chloride), saltpetre (potassium nitrate), sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride) or alum (a mixture of aluminium sulfate and potassium sulfate). When the crystals dissolve, the strong bonds between the ions are broken, extracting heat from the surrounding water, so the temperature drops. Adding a mixture of 5 parts ammonium chloride and 5 parts potassium nitrate to 16 parts water at 10 °C causes the temperature of the mixture to drop to about — 12°C, sufficient to freeze a vessel of pure water immersed in it. This phenomenon was first recorded in an Indian poem from the fourth century AD, and described in detail in an Arabic medical textbook from 1242. Another book in Arabic, containing sorbet recipes, appeared at about the same time. 

We have come across one of the great bonding mechanisms because opposite charges attract one another, and cations and anions are oppositely charged, it follows that atoms that form these ions will clump together into a compound. Common salt, sodium chloride, is an excellent example of this type of compound formation. Sodium (Na, from its Latin name natrium) lies... 

Incidentally, both sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are called salts, the general class of these ionic substances formed by the reaction of an acid and a base taking its name from a common exemplar, namely common salt, sodium chloride. That is a common feature in chemistry, where the name of one type of compound inspires the name of a whole related class. 

Sentences like these are scientific mumbo jumbo they are skillfully phrased to deceive non-specialists by appearing scientific. The changes during the operation of the device may in fact be connected to electric current, but the process itself is called electrolysis. Most baths contain common salt (sodium chloride), whose electrolysis affords hydroxide ions and hydrogen on the cathode with simultaneous dissolution of the anode material iron. 

An example of a compound of this type is of course salt itself (i.e. common salt , sodium chloride). This forms colourless, brittle crystals, which melt to a colourless liquid at 801 C, and boil to a colourless vapour at 1413 C. In the solid, it has the electrical conductivity of an insulator, but the liquid has a conductivity of about 10 Q m . When a direct current is passed through the melt, chlorine gas is evolved at the positive electrode (the anode) and metallic sodium is formed at the negative electrode (the cathode). This process is used industrially for the preparation of sodium, except that the temperature is lowered by the addition of another salt, e.g. calcium chloride, which depresses the freezing point of the sodium chloride. 

---