Common but differentiated responsibilities

Most Asian countries are parties to the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting compounds. The Montreal Protocol is exemplary in the sense that it truly embodies the principles of common but differentiated responsibility between the industrial and developing countries. It recognizes the fact that industrialized countries are responsible for the bulkof emissions ofCFC. Moreover, they have the financial and technological resources to find proper replacements for these substances. Meanwhile, the developing countries are given a period of grace before they must start their phase-out schedules. 

The most significant progress achieved through the regime on climate change is the agreement among all states parties that the protection of the world climate is the common responsibility of all states. This resulted in the establishment of a respective solidarity community paraphrased as common but differentiated responsibility of states. The second achievement is the commitment of... 

During the 1990s, discussions under the UNFCCC focused on how to allocate international aviation and shipping emissions to Parties. These discussions presumed that the emissions attributed to Annex I Parties would be regulated, while those attributed to non-Annex I Parties would not be regulated, consistent with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as applied to national emissions. 

The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities can be addressed in two ways. One is through the financial flows. The regulatory costs are imposed equally on all air carriers/ships. Since most customers are from developed countries, most revenue would come from those countries... 

ICAO now has to tread a thin line of its own diplomacy, in following the principles of sovereignty and equality of States as laid down in the Chicago Convention and balance its leadership role on establishing defining modalities (with the involvement of its member States) for the implementation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This will be a tough act, but certainly not something that ICAO cannot handle, in the manner in which it has skillfully addressed issues of aviation and the environment in the past. 

Two basic guidelines used in environmental agreements are The Precautionary Principle, ( PP ) and the Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle ( DR Principle ). The former is a pre emptive measure that addresses possibilities of harm and makes parties to an agreement take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of such harm even if there is no scientific certainty regarding the harm. The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities principle is enshrined in Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development which states ... 

States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. 

There are three common types of detector response normally achieved by electronic signal modification. These are normal, integral and differential responses. The most common and, of course, the most popular, is the normal response. Integral response can be useful for measurement of peak area and the differential response in useful for identifying retention times. The units of detector specification are, wherever possible, length, time and mass, but under certain circumstances other units such as refractive index, conductivity, (mho s) etc. are used where the... 

The potential change recorded between one of these electrodes and ground during stimulation was very similar to what had been seen before (cf. lower traces, A and B), but the response recorded differentially between the two reference electrodes (B, upper trace) differs markedly from that recorded previously between the K-sensitive and reference electrodes (A, upper trace) it is not only of opposite polarity, but of very low amplitude. The traces of Fig. 4C show the common mode rejection capacity of the usual K electrode to 10 mV rectangular pulses applied between the animal and ground again, the polarity of the differentially recorded potential was opposite to that of the potential with respect to ground, and the rejection ratio was 12 1. 

Detection is also frequently a key issue in polymer analysis, so much so that a section below is devoted to detectors. Only two detectors, the ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) and the differential refractive index (DRI), are commonly in use as concentration-sensitive detectors in GPC. Many of the common polymer solvents absorb in the UV, so UV detection is the exception rather than the rule. Refractive index detectors have improved markedly in the last decade, but the limit of detection remains a common problem. Also, it is quite common that one component may have a positive RI response, while a second has a zero or negative response. This can be particularly problematic in co-polymer analysis. Although such problems can often be solved by changing or blending solvents, a third detector, the evaporative light-scattering detector, has found some favor. 

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