Colonial engineering

Any colony optimization (ACO) and swarm intelligence are forms of agent-based modeling inspired by colonies of social animals such as ants and bees [32]. ACO has become popular in engineering for optimal routing in water distribution systems [33, 34]. Particle swarm optimization has been successfully used to train ANNs, for instance, ANNs to predict river water levels [35], for parameter estimation, for example, in hydrology [36]. 

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) provided financial support via Mechanical and Chemi-mechanical Pnlps Network, Strategic, and Discovery grants, while contributions from Paprican, Cytec of Canada, and Colonial Metals Inc. (for loans of RuCl3-3H20) are also acknowledged. 

A relatively low transformation efficiency of 103-105 colonies//rg DNA [85] and multicopy integration of expression cassettes make enzyme engineering and screening difficult. However, the first successful approaches using linear, integrative expression cassettes have been reported [86]. 

Genetic engineering of PHA synthase proteins in E. coli in combination with a suitable viable-colony staining method for the screening of PHA content [143] will make many methodological tools applicable to PHA biosynthesis genes and proteins and will allow studies on structure to function relation-... 

Gaertner, H.F., Offord, R.E., Cotton, R., Timms, D., Camble, R., and Rose, K. (1994) Chemo-enzymic backbone engineering of proteins. Site-specific incorporation of synthetic peptides that mimic the 64-74 disulfide loop of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 7224-7230. 

Figure 5. Bioluminescent light emissions from colonies of engineered naphthalene degrading bacteria which respond as bioluminescent reporters of degradative activity.

You have just been hired as the chemical engineer for a small soup company. They have just found that their cans of Cream of Spinach soup have become contaminated with a bacteria whose Latin name is retchiosis barfitosum, which fortunately is not lethal but causes serious discomfort. The cans had been sterilized by heating for 1 h in an oven at 200°F, but this procedure apparently was not adequate. We need to sterilize the prepared soup cans to kill the bacteria, which will multiply on the shelf Bacteria concentrations are determined by coating a known amount of the material on a Petri dish and culturing it so that each bacterium forms a colony that can be counted on the dish. 

The surface condensers are here shown, G G G. This process of condensation was introduced and patented by Messrs. Pontieex and Wood of London, who have recently patented a simple and efficient method of connecting the pipes—admirably adapted for the colonies, and all places where skilled labor is difficult to be obtained. The condensers consist of one or more series of copper pipes, fixed to boxes at each end, with partitions to direct the current of the vapor. Above each series of pipes is iked a trough always kept full of water, and so constructed that the water trickles in a gentle shower, uniformly spread over the pipes, so as to keep them well covered with a thin film of water the lowest pipe is connected with a small pump, workod by the engine, which draws the condensed... 

Udhardt URE, Marsch SE, Klemm DO, Schumann DA (1999) The Third International Conference on Advanced Polymers via Macromolecular Engineering, Colonial Williamsburg, USA... 

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