Individualism/collectivism

In this line, Hofstede (1980) conducted a transcultural study in which five relevant psychological dimensions were identified empirically in all the cultures that were studied, i.e. power-distance (from small to large), collectivism-individualism, femininity-masculinity, uncertainty avoidance (from weak to strong) and time orientation (from short term to long term). 

Besides the two nation-dependerrt factors mentioned previously, the factors elicited from the Japanese sample covered or conceptrrally overlapped with most core elements of safety crrlture. For irrstance, the Japanese construct included a dimension on work pressure - which was labelled attitudes to work pressrue . Most of other dimensions had the same labels as or were closely related to the core elements of safety crrltirre leadership, communication, blame-free, teamwork, safety awareness, workload aad stress, competence arrd job satisfaction. In addition, essential elements of natiorral crrlture (Hofstede 1991 2001) were included power distance, and collectivism-individualism. 

It is notable that there were significantly positive correlations between the rate of Level 0 and 1 and a number of safety culture factors leadership safety awareness competence awareness collectivism-individualism and team/stress management. 

Thus, analyzing the individualism/collectivism construct as a cultural factor can help to explain why some ethnic groups apparently under-use mental health services and, in contrast, rely on members of the family to provide care in possible... 

Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 27(3-4), 155-80. 

Intermolecular lateral interactions and resulting collectivized vibrations of individual adsorbed molecules greatly add to the complexity of description for local vibrational excitations in adsorbates. Fig. 4.5 schematically demonstrates that these interactions on a simple planar lattice of adsorbed molecules which vibrate with high (toh) and low (co/) frequencies lead to the emergence of the corresponding energy bands, with energy levels classified by the wave vector K. 

Triandis, H. (1990) Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J.J. Berman (ed.) Cross Cultural Perspectives (pp. 42-133). Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press. 

Triandis, H.C., Chen, X.P. and Chan, D.K-S. (1998) Scenarios for the measurement of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29 (2), 275-90. 

Troubled by the liquidation of neuroses and psychoses by Mao s thoughts, Parise asks If, as you say, neuroses do not exist here, what about depression Professor Suh s answer shows how the psychiatrist s ideological orientation—in his case, toward collectivism, in mine, toward individualism— shapes the psychiatrist s judgment of human behavior. ... 

Collectivism occurs when the demands and interests of groups take precedence over the desires and needs of individuals. Collectivists look out for the well being of the groups to which they belong, even if such actions sometimes require that personal interests be disregarded. A coUectivistic, as opposed to an individualistic orientation should influence personal tendencies to cooperate in group situations (Wagner 1995). 

Wagner, J. A. (1995), Studies of Individualism-Collectivism Effects on Cooperation in Groups, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, pp. 152-172. 

Country Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculine-feminine Individualism- collectivism Long-short term orientation... 

Leigh, J.H. and Choi, Y.T. The impact of attributions about life events on perceptions of foreign products Contrasts in individualism and collectivism. Psychology and MarketingYol 24 No 1 (2007) 41-68. 

In an attempt to emphasize national value differences, Hofstede (1980) employs a four-dimension category to discriminate among various national cultures. They are power distance (PD), uncertainty avoidance (UA), individualism/collectivism, and masculinity/femininity, respectively. PD is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. In a low PD culture, subordinates feel more comfortable approaching or contradicting their superiors. In contrast, there is considerable dependence of subordinates on superiors, and subordinates are unlikely to question their superiors directly in a high PD culture (Helmreich and Merritt, 1998). 

Individualism/collectivism is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. In the individualist societies, the ties between individuals are loose. In contrast, people are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups in the collectivist societies. Individualists consider the implications of their behavior... 

The measures of the national culture were similar to the four types of national culture, namely individualism-collectivism, power distance (PD), uncertainty avoidance (UA), and masculinism-feminism as proposed by Hofstede (1980). The measures of stress coping behaviors were similar to Havlovic and Keenan s (1995) categories. The participants demographic data and their self-reported experience of involving flight accidents or events were also collected. 

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