Collectivization

The term collectivism has sometimes been used to distinguish this AL philosophy from the more traditional top down and bottom up philosophies. Collectivism embodies the belief that in order to properly understand complex systems, such systems must be viewed as coherent wholes whose open-ended evolution is continuously fueled by nonlinear feedback between their macroscopic states and microscopic constituents. It is neither completely reductionist (which seeks only to decompose a system into its primitive components), nor completely synthesist (which seeks to synthesize the system out of its constituent parts but neglects the feedback between emerging levels). 

Collectivism is thus distinct from both the top-down reductionist approach traditionally favored by most physicists (system as a simple edifice of its microscopic parts), and the more recent neural-net-like bottom-up approach favored by connec-tionists (system as a synthesis of its constituent parts). The nonlinear inter-level feedback loop that makes up the collective is what makes a traditional linear analysis of such systems difficult, if not impossible. 

Fig. 11.1 Feedback between local and global levels ( Collectivism).

Menger (1993) has brought out an unusual application of ME, through what is called chemical collectivism for destruction of toxic mustard CI-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-CI with bleach liquor. 

In this line, Hofstede (1980) conducted a transcultural study in which five relevant psychological dimensions were identified empirically in all the cultures that were studied, i.e. power-distance (from small to large), collectivism-individualism, femininity-masculinity, uncertainty avoidance (from weak to strong) and time orientation (from short term to long term). 

Thus, analyzing the individualism/collectivism construct as a cultural factor can help to explain why some ethnic groups apparently under-use mental health services and, in contrast, rely on members of the family to provide care in possible... 

Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 27(3-4), 155-80. 

This wide range of questions is to be elucidated in the present chapter. The bulk of attention is given to the effects induced by the collectivization of adsorbate vibrational modes whose low-frequency components are coupled to the phonon thermostat of the substrate. This coupling gives rise to the resonant nature of low-frequency collective excitations of adsorbed molecules (see Sec. 4.1). A mechanism underlying the occurrence of resonance (quasilocal) vibrations is most readily... 

Here it is our intention to show that for a system constituted by substrate phonons and laterally interacting low-frequency adsorbate vibrations which are harmonically coupled with the substrate, the states can be subclassified into independent groups by die wave vector K referring to the first Brillouin zone of the adsorbate lattice.138 As the phonon state density of a substrate many-fold exceeds the vibrational mode density of an adsorbate, for each adsorption mode there is a quasicontinuous phonon spectrum in every group of states determined by K (see Fig. 4.1). Consequently, we can regard the low-frequency collectivized mode of the adsorbate, t /(K), as a resonance vibration with the renormalized frequency and the reciprocal lifetime 7k-... 

Here /(R) and pflX) denote the shift and generalized momentum for the molecular vibration of the low frequency a>9 and reduced mass m, at the Rth site of the adsorbate lattice bi+(K) and K) are creation and annihilation operators for the collectivized mode of the adsorbate that is characterized by the squared frequency /2(K) = ml + d>, a,(K)/m , with O / iat(K) representing the Fourier component of the force constant function /jat(R). Shifts i//(R) for all molecules are assumed to be oriented in the same arbitrary direction specified by the unit vector e they are related to the corresponding normal coordinates, ue (K), and secondary quantization operators ... 

Generalization of the exchange dephasing model to various cases of anharmonic coupling between high-frequency and low-frequency modes, and to the case of collectivized excitations in adsorbate... 

Intermolecular lateral interactions and resulting collectivized vibrations of individual adsorbed molecules greatly add to the complexity of description for local vibrational excitations in adsorbates. Fig. 4.5 schematically demonstrates that these interactions on a simple planar lattice of adsorbed molecules which vibrate with high (toh) and low (co/) frequencies lead to the emergence of the corresponding energy bands, with energy levels classified by the wave vector K. 

Fig. 4.5. Collectivization of vibrational excitations in adsorbed molecular ensemble due to intermolecular lateral interactions.

Considering only biquadratic anharmonic coupling, the dephasing of local vibrations was treated in the special case that only high-frequency modes underwent collectivization174 and subsequently with the allowance also made for collectivized low-frequency modes.138 175 It should be emphasized that the possibility for... 

Table 4.1. Various processes contributing to the spectral line broadening for local vibrations. Frequencies of collectivized local vibrations QK (solid arrows) are supposed to exceed phonon frequencies oiRq (dashed arrows) Ok > max oncq. For an extremely narrow band of local vibrations, diagrams A and B respectively refer to relaxation and dephasing processes, whereas diagrams C account for the case realizable only at the nonzero band width for local vibrations.

Here we focus on the effect of dipolar dispersion laws for high-frequency collective vibrations on the shift and width of their spectral line, with surface molecules inclined at an arbitrary angle 6 to the surface-normal direction. For definiteness, we consider the case of a triangular lattice and the ferroelectric ordering of dipole moments inherent in this lattice type.56,109 Lateral interactions of dynamic dipole moments p = pe (e = (sin os, sin6fcin , cos )) corresponding to collective vibrations on a simple two-dimensional lattice of adsorbed molecules cause these vibrations to collectivize in accordance with the dispersion law 121... 

Consider vibrational excitations giving rise to small angular azimuthal deviations dimensional wave vector of a collectivized excitation) of adsorbed molecules relative to the ground state AB (see Fig. 2.17) in... 

In the Heitler-London approximation, with allowance made only for biquadratic anharmonic coupling between collectivized high-frequency and low-frequency modes of a lattice of adsorbed molecules (admolecular lattice), the total Hamiltonian (4.3.1) can be written as a sum of harmonic and anharmonic contributions ... 

Hard-working and successful small farmers remained productive and were an affront to Soviet collectivism. Referring to these enterprising farmers as kulaks (clenched fist in Russian), Stalin orchestrated the liquidation of kulaks as a class. Thousands were executed, and millions were deported to Siberia or Central Asia. 

To try to cope with the disastrous effects of collectivization, the Communist Party ordered the rapid development of more productive varieties of wheat and other important crops. It imposed impossible demands on agricultural research institutions to improve (within one year) crop yields, resistance to diseases and pests, ease of harvest, food value, and so on. 

Triandis, H. (1990) Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. In J.J. Berman (ed.) Cross Cultural Perspectives (pp. 42-133). Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press. 

Triandis, H.C., Chen, X.P. and Chan, D.K-S. (1998) Scenarios for the measurement of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29 (2), 275-90. 

The nature of the adsorption bond depends on the nature of the solid and the gas-phase molecules. It is customary practice to distinguish physical and chemical adsorption. In the former case, no collectivization of the electrons of the adsorbent and adsorbate occurs, while in the latter case a conventional chemical bond forms with redistribution of the electrons. 

Further increase in the density of nanoparticles leads to formation of close contacts between them, which leads to collectivization of electrons in ensembles of contacting particles. In the high-density limit, when each nanoparticle is in contact with all of its neighbors, the nanostructure becomes similar in its electrical properties to a thin metallic film and is characterized by a metallic type of conduction. 

In the first part of this introductory section, we summarize the main collective phenomena acquired by the dipolar exciton from the lattice-symmetry collectivization of molecular properties. The crystal is considered as an assembly of electrically neutral systems, the molecules, physically separated from each other and in electromagnetic interaction. This /V-body problem will be treated quantum-mechanically in the limit of low exciton densities. We redemonstrate the complete equivalence of this treatment with the theories of Lorentz and Ewald, as well as with the semiclassical approximation. In Section I.A, in a more compact but still gradual way, we establish the model of the rigid lattice of dipoles and the general theory of low-exciton-density systems in interaction with the radiation field. Coulombic excitons, photons,... 

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