Human body collagen

Collagen, human body, 132-133 Combustion flame-chemical vapor condensation (CF-CVC) nanostructured materials, 10-11 schematic, 10 7T-Complexation sorbents description, 108-109 effects of cation, anion, and substrate, 112-113... 

Ascorbic acid—vitamin C—is an essential nutrient that the human body cannot manufacture from other compounds. It is needed for the formation of collagen, the protein that makes up connective tissue, and is essential to muscles, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. It is a strong antioxidant, preventing damage from oxygen free radicals. 

Different tissues in the body have different types of collagen (there are 27 in total) classified as collagen types I, II, and so on. Type I collagen, for example, the most abundant collagen of the human body, makes up the tendons and the organic part of bone type II collagen makes up articular cartilage type IV makes up the eye lens type VII and type XI colla-... 

Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, is present in varying amounts in many tissues. If one wished to compare the collagen content of several tissues, one could measure their content of... 

Collagen, a class of fibrous protein, is the most abundant protein in the human body, accounting for approximately 25% of the total protein mass. It is the main component of the ECM and serves as a stmctural protein in connective tissues, such as skin, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels. Twenty-eight types of collagen have been identified in humans to date (Kar et al. 2006). Among these, collagen types I-III are the most abundant. 

As described in Section 1.5.3, collagen is one of the most useful and abundant substances in the human body. Both skin and tendon are composed of collagen, and in its purified form, collagen can be used for a wide variety of tissue repair applications. Let us briefly examine the processing of collagen. 

Fish collagen fibrillar gels have not been studied, with the exception of shark collagen (Nomura et al., 2000a,b), probably due to their low denaturation temperature (Tt]), which renders these materials difficult to handle. The Tt] of shark collagen solution is approximately 30°C (Nomura et al., 1995), which results in the dissolution of the fibrillar gel of this collagen at 37°C (Nomura et al., 2000a). This indicates that the gel could not be practically used at the actual physical temperature of human medical application. The Tt] of chum salmon is approximately 19 °C (Kimura et al., 1988 Matsui et al., 1991), which is the main reason to be unstable at the actual physical temperature of human body. As the... 

The insoluble Ca(II) salts of weak acids, such as calcium phosphate, carbonate, and oxalate, serve as the hard structural material in bone, dentine, enamel, shells, etc. About 99% of the calcium found in the human body appears in mineral form in the bones and teeth. Calcium accounts for approximately 2% of body weight (18,19). The mineral in bones and teeth is mosdy hydroxyapatite [1306-06-5] having unit cell composition Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The mineralization process in bone follows prior protein matrix formation. A calcium pumping mechanism raises the concentrations of Ca(II) and phosphate within bone cells to the level of supersaturation. Granules of amorphous calcium phosphate precipitate and are released to the outside of the bone cell. There the amorphous calcium phosphate, which may make up as much as 30—40% of the mineral in adult bone, is recrystallized to crystallites of hydroxyapatite preferentially at bone collagen sites. These small crystallites do not exceed 10 nm in diameter (20). 

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