Cold Regions Research and Engineering

Trichloroethylene has also been detected in ground water at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, NH, where it was used as a refrigerant between 1960 and 1987 (Hewitt and Shoop 1994). In water collected directly after well instillation, the trichloroethylene concentrations were 0.044-180 ppm. 

J. L. Barnett, and W. B. Chambers of Sandia National Laboratories and T. F. Jenkins, D. C. Leggett, and their colleagues of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center—Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRRDC), also made major contributions in this area. 

Researchers at Sandia [3] and at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRRDC) [1] measured surface contamination on mine cases. Some of the results are highlighted in Table 4.1, based on data summarized by Phelan and Webb [1, p. 20],... 

Center—Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, ERDC-CRREL Technical Report TR-00-2, Hanover, NH, February 2001. 

Hewitt, A. D., T. F. Jenkins, and T. A. Raney. Field Gas Chromatogra-phy/Thermionic Detector System for On-site Determination of Explosives in Soils. U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Technical Report ERDC/CRREL TR-... 

Leggett, D. C., T. F. Jenkins, and R. P Murmann. Composition of Vapors Evolved from Military TNT as Influenced by Temperature, Solid Composition, Age, and Source. SR 77-16/AD A040632, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 1977. 

V. George, J. C. Pennington, and T. E. Berry. Analysis of Explosives-Related Signature Chemicals in Soil Samples Collected Near Buried Landmines. ERDC Technical Report, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 2000. 

Racine CH, Walsh ME, Collins CM, et al. 1992b. Remedial investigation report White phosphorus contamination of salt marsh sediments at Eagle River Flats, Alaska. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab, Hanover, NH. NTIS/AD-A250 515/4. 

A.D. Hewitt, Enhanced Preservation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil with Sodium Bisulfate, USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 95-26, [US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995a]. 

The original version of the model dealt with chloride and sulfate chemistries and was written when the senior author worked at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) in Hanover, New Hampshire. Subsequent versions with new chemistries were largely funded by NASA for applications to cold Solar System bodies such as Mars and Europa. 

We also thank the following publishers for permission to reproduce published graphs, tables, and text American Journal of Science, ASM Press, Cambridge University Press, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Elsevier Limited, Mary Ann Liebert Inc., NASA/JPL/Caltech, and Springer Science and Business Media. 

M.E. Walsh, T.F. Jenkins, P.S. Schnitker, J.W. Elwell and M.H. Stutz, USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory CRREL Special Report 93-5, Hanover N. H, 1993, pp.1-17. 

Finsd Report, Contract No. DACA 89-71-C-0025, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, February 1972 and U.S. Patent 3,337,355 (August 22, 1967). 

Britton, K.B., Grant, C.L. (1988). Prediction of octanol-water partition coefficients of organophosphates. Evaluation of structure-function relationships. Special Report 88-11. US Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH. 

Kaplan, C. W. CRREL Internal Report No. 207, US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Hanover, NH, 1969. 

D. Kuroiwa. In the physics and mechanics of snow as a material. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. (CRREL Monogr. II-B), 1962, p.63. 

Skyllberg, U. L., Bloom, P. R., Nater, E. A., Xia, K., and Bleam, W. F. (1997). Binding of mercury(II) by reduced sulfur in soil organic matter. In Extended Abstracts, 4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, June 23—26 1997, Berkeley, CA, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 285-286. 

Merry, C. J. and LaPotin, P. J. "A Description of the New Haven, Connecticut Building Material Data Base" Report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 

Table 7.2 shows how frequently various nitroaromaticss and nitramines occur at explosives-contaminated sites with which die U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) and the Missouri River Division (MRD) have been involved. TNT is the most common contaminant, occurring in approximately 80% of the soil samples found to be contaminated with explosives. Trinitrobenzene (TNB), which is a photochemical decomposition product of TNT, was found in between 40 and 50% of these soils. Dinitrobenzene (DNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and 2,6-DNT, which are impurities in production-grade TNT, were found in less than 40% of the soils. Figure 7.2 shows the chemical structures of common explosive contaminants. 

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