Emissions coke making

Air Pollution Emissions and Controls By-Product Coke Making... 

The process of coke making emits particulate matters, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. The various sources of emissions include the following ... 

A. Respirators Respirators will be provided by your employer for routine use if your employer is in the process of implementing engineering and work practice controls or where engineering and work practice controls are not feasible or insufficient to reduce exposure to or below the PEL. You must wear respirators for non-routine activities or in emergency situations where you are likely to be exposed to levels of coke oven emissions in excess of the permissible exposure limit. Until January 20, 1978, the routine wearing of respirators is voluntary. Until that date, if you choose not to wear a respirator you do not have to do so. You must still have your respirator with you and you must still wear it if you are near visible emissions. Since how well your respirator fits your face is very important, your employer is required to conduct fit tests to make sure the respirator seals properly when you wear it. These tests are simple and rapid and will be explained to you during your training sessions. 

Predicting catalyst developments is outside the scope of this paper, but expect many of those improvements to be related to environmental issues. Commercialization of catalysts like Davison s RFG-1 will be required to meet the challenges of the probable worldwide reformulation of gasoline. SO reducing additives are already available, but there is as yet no commercially available FCC additive to reduce NO emissions. Because of greenhouse effect concerns, there may even be the need for a catalyst to achieve high FCC conversions at ultra-low coke makes. 

General 1. Use cokeless iron- and steel-making processes, such as the direct reduction process, to eliminate the need to manufacture coke. 2. Use beneficiation (preferably at the coal mine) and blending processes that improve the quality of coal feed to produce coke of desired quality and reduce emissions of sulfur oxides and other pollutants. 

Table 21 reports the ash content and ash composition (determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES) for all of the calcined cokes used to fabricate the test graphites. It can be seen that the amount of ash and its make-up are variable, but are within the range observed for petroleum-based calcined cokes. Although the ash contents in all of the calcined cokes appear rather high, these materials may still be acceptable because many of the metallic species are driven off during graphitization. This aspect is addressed in the next section. 

CO2 reforming of methane can be used to adjust the H/CO ratio and provide the correct H2/CO ratio for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and could potentially be used to reduce CO2 emissions from other processes however, it is even more endothermic than steam reforming. Partial oxidation is exothermic and has the correct H2/CO ratio for methanol synthesis, but requires a pure oxygen source, adding to the cost. In addition to the individual drawbacks, all of these processes must be run with 0/C ratios of greater than 1 to prevent coking of the catalyst. This makes the processes more expensive in practice than would be expected under optimized conditions for the stoichiometric reactions. The propensity of these processes to form carbon at low 0/C ratios is even more pronounced at... 

SPILL CLEAN-UP use engineering controls and work practices as soon as possible clean coke oven doors before each charge to make sure there is a metal-to-metal fit during coking to prevent emissions from leaking out cut off gas supply by purging pipes with steam or an inert gas. 

Sulfate emissions would have been eorrelated with PAH and other carbonaceous emissions from coking facihties and with metal emissions from steelmaking. Sulfate emissions from steehnaking are now down considerably for two reasons (1) far fewer steehnaking facihties use coke, as these inefficient facihties have been retired or replaced by electric arc steelmaking, which is now used to make 60% of US steel and (2) stricter environmental controls for emissions from srih-existing integrated steelmakers. 

---