Pharmacology cocaine

COCAINE PHARMACOLOGY, EFFECTS, AND TREATMENT OF ABUSE. John Grabowski, Ph.D., ed. 

Shippenberg T., Heidbreder C. Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine pharmacological and temporal characteristics. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273 808, 1995. 

Systemic effects of methamphetamine are similar to those of cocaine. Inhalation or IV injection results in an intense rush that lasts a few minutes. Methamphetamine has a longer duration of effect than cocaine. Pharmacologic effects include increased wakefulness, increased physical activity, decreased appetite, increased respiration, hyperthermia, euphoria, irritability, insomnia, confusion, tremors, anxiety, paranoia, aggressiveness, convulsions, increased heart rate and blood pressure, stroke, and death. 

Clouet, D. Asghar, K. Brown, R. Mechanisms of Cocaine Abuse and Toxicity, NIDA Research Monograph 88 1988 DHHS no. (ADM)88-1588 Grabowski, J. Cocaine Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse, NIDA Monograph 50 1984 DHHS Publication no. (ADM)87-1326 Grinspoon, L. Bakalar, J.B. Marihuana the Forbidden Medicine, 1993 Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-05994-9... 

Grabowski L ed Cocaine Pharmacology, effects, and treatment of abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse , Research Monograph 50, Publication (ADM)84-1326, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. 1984. 

Newcombe, M.D., and Bentler, P.M. Cocaine use among young adults. In Gold, M.S. Galanter, M. and Stimmel, B., eds. Cocaine Pharmacology, Addiction and Therapy. New York Hawthorn Press, 1987. pp. 73-96. 

Stereoisomerism in either the alkamine nucleus or the acyl residue has a considerable effect on the pharmacological action of the tropeines and cocaines. Differences in activity of tropine and i/i-tropine and their benzoyl derivatives have been mentioned already, and there seems to be a consensus of opinion that the i/i-cocaines (alkyl- or aryl- acyl esters of 0-ecgonine) are less toxic and more potent local anfesthetics than the corresponding cocaines, derived from 1-ecgonine. ... 

A series of papers on the pharmacological action of akuammine has been published by Raymond-Hamet in which it is established inter alia that the alkaloid has a local anaesthetic action almost equal to that of cocaine. 

The development of effective pharmacotherapy has lagged behind progress in understanding the reward mechanisms and chronic impairments underlying stimulant abuse. Pharmacological and behavioral treatment approaches that have been used for cocaine abuse have not been as widely tested for the treatment of amphetamine abuse, limiting what can be offered for treatment of this disorder. No treatment agents are approved by the FDA for treatment of cocaine or amphetamine dependence. 

Johanson CE, Fischman MW The pharmacology of cocaine relared ro irs abuse. Pharmacol Rev 41 3-52, 1989... 

Ziedonis DM, Kosten TR Depression as a prognostic factor for pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence. Psychopharmacol Bull 27 337-343, 1991... 

A number of psychosocial treatments for alcohol and other substance use disorders exist and are widely used. In this chapter, we discuss six of these psychotherapies as they are applied to alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence brief interventions, motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral treatments (including contingency management and community reinforcement approaches), behavioral marital therapy, and 12-step facilitation. We also describe studies that examined the efficacy of a medication in combination with one or more of the six psychotherapies. In the second section of the chapter, we highlight research that directly studied the interaction between psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. 

Similarly, self-administration of MDMA in monkeys trained to self-administer amphetamine (Kamien et al. 1986) or in monkeys or baboons trained to self-administer cocaine (Beardsley et al. 1986 Lamb and Griffiths 1987) probably reflects a dopaminergic component to the pharmacology of MDMA. This would be consistent with current theories of dopamine involvement in the mechanism of action of drugs with dependence liability (Wise and Bozarth 1987). 

The pharmacological properties of phenylethylamines that control selfadministration are complex. The effects of phenylethylamines on a variety of pharmacological measures do not appear to predict the reinforcing effects of these drugs, as measured by the cocaine substitution procedure in primates. Specifically, none of the following behavioral effects of these compounds accurately predict the results of self-administration experiments within the phenylethylamine class (Griffiths et al. 1976 Griffiths et al. 

The treatment goals for withdrawal from ethanol, cocaine/ amphetamines, and opioids include (1) a determination if pharmacologic treatment of withdrawal symptoms is necessary, (2) management of medical manifestations of withdrawal such as hypertension, seizures, arthralgias, and nausea, and (3) referral to the appropriate program for substance abuse treatment. 

FIGURE 1.21 Schild plots for the antagonism by propranolol of the actions of noradrenaline (open circles) and isoprenaline (closed circles) on the contractile force of the isolated atrium of the guinea pig. The x shows the value obtained with noradrenaline as agonist but in the presence of cocaine (20 pM). (From Furchgott, R. F., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 23, 1972, pp. 283-335 based on the results of Blinks, J. R Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci., 139, 673-685, 1967.)... 

A special issue of The Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 1981 (Vol. 3, Nos. 2-3) was devoted to coca and cocaine (98). Several other, more general articles on the pharmacological effects of tropane alkaloids have recently appeared (173-185). 

Katz, J.I., Terry, P., and Witkin, J.M., Comparative behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaine ethyl-ester (cocaethylene), Life Sci., 50, 1351, 1992. 

---