Cocaine cerebral blood flow

Holman BL, Mendelson J, Garada B, er al Regional cerebral blood flow improves wirh treatment in chronic cocaine polydrug users. J Nucl Med 34 723—727, 1993... 

Alhassoon, O.M., Dupont, R.M., Schweinsburg, B.C., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in cocaine-versus methamphetamine-dependent patients with a history of alcoholism. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 4 105, 2001. 

Volkow ND, Mullani N, Gould KL, Adler S, Krajewski K. (1988). Cerebral blood flow in chronic cocaine users a study with positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry. 152 641-48. 

Nitroindazole, an inhibitor of NOS-1, and L-NAME, a less selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, have significant antinociceptive effects in humans and animals and 7-nitroindazol reduces the signs of opioid withdrawal and cocaine action in animal models. This inhibitor also reduces cerebral blood flow. Nevertheless, 7-nitroindazole can reduce the size of cerebral infarcts in animal models. In contrast, NOS-3-deficient mice are more susceptible to ischemic cerebral damage. NOS-1 inhibition by 7-nitroindazole also reduces the neurotoxicity of MPTP and MPP+ (see Chapter 28 Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism Other Movement Disorders) in several animal models. 

Regional cerebral blood flow was assessed using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and tracer HMPAO in 10 cocaine abusers within 72 hours of last cocaine use and then after 21 days of abstinence (145). Compared with controls, recent cocaine abusers... 

The cause of cocaine-related stroke and transient ischemic attacks has been studied by transcranial Doppler sonography, a continuous measure of cerebral blood flow velocity, to monitor the course of cerebral hemodynamic changes during acute intravenous injection of placebo, and of cocaine 10, 25, and 50 mg in seven cocaine abusers (150). There was a significant increase in mean and systolic velocity (lasting about 2 minutes) with all doses of cocaine but not with placebo. Cocaine produced an immediate brief period of vasoconstriction... 

Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) has suggested that some psychiatric symptoms in cocaine users are associated with changes in blood flow (168). Multiple scalloped areas of reduced cerebral blood flow (especially periventricular regions and deep portions of the brain) have been seen. Hypoperfusion has also been noted in the frontal lobes of cocaine users with mania. 

Kosten TR, Cheeves C, Palumbo J, Seibyl JP, Price LH, Woods SW. Regional cerebral blood flow during acute and chronic abstinence from combined cocaine-alcohol abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998 50(3) 187-95. 

Herning RI, Better W, Nelson R, Gorelick D, Cadet JL. The regulation of cerebral blood flow during intravenous cocaine administration in cocaine abusers. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999 890 489-94. 

Compared with controls, recent cocaine abusers had significantly reduced cerebral blood flow in 11 of 14 brain regions, with the largest reductions in the frontal cortex and parietal cortex and greater cerebral blood flow in the brain stem. These perfusion defects appeared to be primarily due to combined abuse of alcohol and cocaine. Frontal but not parietal defects appeared to resolve partially during 21 days of abstinence. 

Hemodynamic and cerebral blood flow effects of cocaine, cocaethylene and benzoylecgonine in conscious and anesthetized fetal lambs. JPharmacol Exp Ther 270(1) 118-126,1994. 

There have been two radiological studies of the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on neurocognitive development in older offspring. In the first study, 24 cocaine-exposed adolescents and 25 matched noncocaine-exposed controls underwent structural and perfusion functional MRI during resting states [36. The cocaine-exposed adolescents had significantly reduced global cerebral blood flow. The affected areas... 

Rao H, Wang J, Giaimetta J, Korezykowski M, Shera D, Avants B, Gee J, Detre JA, Hurt H. Altered resting cerebral blood flow in adolescents within utero cocaine exposure revealed by perfusion functional MRI. Pediatrics 2007 120 el245-54. 

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