Coasts formation

Other minerals beside water-swelling clays have been found to undergo fines migration. The permeability damage caused by essentially non-swelling clays such as kaolinite and chlorite is a well-known phenomenon. Silica fines have been identified as a potential source of permeability damage in various poorly consolidated U.S. Gulf Coast formations (1). Other minerals identified as constituents of mobile fine particles include feldspar, calcite, dolomite, and siderite (4,5). 

At 75 C (167 F), a representative U.S. Gulf Coast formation temperature, AES, AEGS, and AESo surfactant classes produced fairly stable foams in short-term tests (see Table I). Examination of these data indicated that the AEGS surfactants generally gave the... 

Clear regional differences also exist. Data reported by Carothers and Kharaka (1978) show that in the temperature range 80-120 C organic acids form less than 1000 mg/1 of the total alkalinity in Gulf Coast formation waters, whereas in Californian formation waters up to 2000mg/1 of the total... 

Figure 2-56. Magnitude of abnormal pressure encountered in Gulf Coast region (from Cannon and Sullins, Problems Encountered in Drilling Abnormal Pressure Formations, in API Drilling and Production Practices, 1946).

Formation Gulf Coast (Southern Texas) Santa Barbara (California)... 

Figure 4-330. Matthews and Kelly relationship between formation pore pressure and shale resistivity for the South Texas Gulf Coast. (Courtesy SPE [101]. ...

Manheim FX, Pauli, CK (1981) Patterns of ground water salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. J Hydrol 54 95-105 Martin P, Akber RA (1999) Radium isotopes as indicators of adsorption-desorption interactions and barite formation in groundwater. J Environ Radioact 46 271-286 McCarthy J, Shevenell L (1998) Obtaining representative ground water samples in a fractured and karstic formation. Ground Water 36 251-260... 

Kraemer T, Reid D (1984) The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the US gulf coast region. Isot Geosci 2 153-174... 

Formations from all geologic periods have been used for deep-well injection, but Paleozoic rocks are used for most injection zones (53%), followed by Tertiary-age formations (39%). Older Paleozoic rocks have been more frequently used for injection primarily because they tend to be more deeply buried. However, the more recent Tertiary-age Gulf Coast sediments are also very thick, and most injection in rocks of this age takes place there. 

Kreitler, C.W., Akhter, M.S., and Donnelly, A.C.A., Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep Well Injection of Chemical Wastes, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 1988. 

Radioactivity, radioactive elements and nuclear reactors are found in nature. There are at least 14 natural fission reactors in the Oklo-Okelobon-do natural uranium formation in Gabon on the west coast of Africa. These fossil reactors had sufficient amounts of U-235 to allow chain reactions to... 

We have recently added unique urban formats on both coasts of North America. We opened two stores in Manhattan and a successful urban store in Park Royal, Vancouver. Virtually everything about these stores from their design and layouts to their merchandising selection and use of technology was specifically designed to meet the needs of their local communities and provide us access to an almost entirely new and untapped customer base. These stores demonstrate another opportunity for new store growth by bringing The Home Depot to previously underserved markets. 

There is one phenomenon that everyone can quickly recognize—soap bubbles—that one has observed since childhood. The formation of foam bubbles along the coasts... 

A 2-line ferrihydrite deposit is also formed from hydrothermal fluids at 60-93 °C upon mixing with sea water near the coast of Amberlite Island, Papua New Guinea. The hydrothermal waters are rich in As which is almost completely captured by the ferrihydrite (50-60 g As/kg), thereby hindering the formation of better crystalline Fe oxides and also preventing any toxic effects on the marine biota (Pichler, et al. 1999 Pichler and Veizer, 1999 Rancourt et al. 2001). Spherical, lOnm-sized, Si-containing,... 

FIGURE 9.32 Some evidence from field studies along the coast of Washington State on April 22, 1991, both for new particle formation and for condensation on preexisting nuclei (a) particle surface area for particles with D > 0.02 p.m (b) ratio of number of particles with D 0.015 p.m to those with D > 0.015 p.m (c) number concentration with diameters 0.02-0.024 ju.ni (adapted from Covert el at., 1992). 

As expected from the earlier discussion of the Kohler curves, not all particles act as CCN. For example, only about 15-20% of the Aiken nuclei (see Chapter 9.A.2) in a marine air mass off the coast of Washington state acted as CCN at 1% supersaturation (Hegg et al., 1991b). Similarly, in a marine air mass in Puerto Rico, between 24 and 70% of the particles measured at 0.5% supersaturation before cloud formation led to cloud droplet formation (Novakov et al., 1994). 

Chock, D. P A. M. Dunker, S. Kumar, and C. S. Sloane, Effect of NOa. Emission Rates on Smog Formation in the California South Coast Air Basin, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 15, 933-939(1981). 

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