CO flow

The product is analyzed by vapor phase chromatography using a 6-ft., f-in. O.D. copper tube, packed with 5% Bentone-34 (Wilkins Instrument Co.) and 0.5% XF-1150 (General Electric Silicone Products) on Diatoport-S (80-100 mesh) (F and M Co.) flow rate of helium 60 ml./min., oven temperature 85°. This column separates m-cymene (retention time 12 minutes) from />-cymene (retention time 10 minutes) but does not resolve the ortho isomer. The purity of the distilled w-cymene is above 98%. 

The interdigital feed can be fed in a counter-flow or co-flow orientation the first principle is realized in metal/stainless steel or silicon/stainless steel devices [39, 41], the latter in glass chip devices [40, 44 6]. 

By changing the flow direction of gas and liquid streams, a co-flow and counterflow guidance is in principle possible however, owing to the low gas velocities usually employed, this makes no practical difference [5],... 

Acetic acid and 10, 15, or 20% acetyl chloride were fed as a mixture into a modified falling film micro reactor (also termed micro capillary reactor in [57]) at a massflow rate of 45 g min and a temperature of 180 or 190 °C [57]. Chlorine gas was fed at 5 or 6 bar in co-flow mode so that a residual content of only 0.1% resulted after reaction. The liquid product was separated from gaseous contents in a settler and collected. By exposure to water, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride were converted to the acid. The hydrogen chloride released was removed. 

In an attempt to scavenge pure oxygen directly from seawater, Aquanautics Corp. [26] has developed a process similar to that of Roberts. In the Aquanautics scheme, the solution containing the carrier (in this case, a linear pentadentade polyalkylamine chelate of Fe or Co) flows through both anode and cathode of the electrochemical cell. 

The geological process of the formation of serpentine from peridotite probably involves the synthesis of carbon compounds under FTT conditions (see Sect. 7.2.3). The hydrogen set free in the serpentinisation process can react with CO2 or CO in various ways. The process must be quite complex, as CO2 and CO flow through the system of clefts and chasms in the oceanic crust and must thus pass by various mineral surfaces, at which catalytic processes as well as adsorption and desorption could occur. 

Crane Co. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe. Tech Paper 410. New York Crane Co, 1991. 

Levenspiel, Engineering Flow, p. 45. 15Crane Co., Flow of Fluids. 

Table 123 Activity comparison of 3%Au/Fe203, 3%Ru/Fe203, and 3%Au-3%Ru/Fe203 catalysts using a feed containing 5.1%CO in helium (dry basis) fixed at 57.5 N cm3/h CO flow mixed with 125 N cm3/h of steam. CO conversion is provided520... 

Plain-orifice atomizers are widely used for injecting liquids into a flow stream of air or gas. The injection may occur in a co-flow, a contra-flow, or a cross-flow stream. The best known application of plain-orifice atomizers is perhaps diesel injectors. This type of injectors is designed to provide a pulsed or intermittent supply of fuel to the combustion zone for each power stroke of the piston. As the air in the combustion zone is compressed by the piston to a high pressure, a very high pressure (83-103 MPa) is required to allow the fuel to penetrate into the combustion zone and disintegrate into a well-atomized spray. 

For steady injection of a liquid through a single nozzle with circular orifice into a co-flowing gas (air), the breakup of the liquid... 

Table 3.2. Classification and Criteria of Breakup Regimes of Round Liquid Jets in Co-flowing Air as Compared to Those of Thin Liquid Sheets and Spherical Droplets in Air Stream 210 ...

Figure 3.7. Breakup regimes of round liquid jets in co-flowing air. (Reprinted...

Factors influencing jet breakup may include (a) flow rates, velocities and turbulence of liquid jet and co-flowing gas, (b) nozzle design features, (c) physical properties and thermodynamic states of both liquid and gas, (d) transverse gas flow,[239] (e) dynamic change of surface tension, 1151[2401 (f) swirlj241 242 (g) vaporization and gas compressibility,[243] (h) shock waves,[244] etc. 

Arai and Hashimoto[2611 studied disintegration of a thin liquid sheet in a co-flowing air stream. For a constant sheet thickness, an empirical correlation was derived for the sheet breakup length as ... 

Derived from spray data for kerosene, gas oil, and blended oils using light-scattering technique Dimensionally correct, excellent data correlation Co-flowing air and liquids... 

Liquid jet from a plain circular orifice into a coaxial co-flowing Mach 1.5 air flow... 

Masri, A. R., R. Cao, S. B. Pope, and G. M. Goldin (2003). PDF calculations of turbulent lifted flames of H2/N2 issuing into a vitiated co-flow. Combustion Theory and Modelling (in press). 

FIGURE 6.2 Appearance of gaseous fuel jet flames in a co-flow cylindrical configuration. 

As Kang el al. [3] have reported, counter-flow diffusion flames are located on the oxidizer side when hydrocarbons are the fuel. Appropriate dilution with inert gases of both the fuel and oxidizer streams, frequently used in the co-flow situation, can position the flame on the fuel side. It has been shown [4] that the criterion for the flame to be located on the fuel side is... 

---