Clone, defined

Loughnan, M.L, Nicke, A., Lawrence, N., and Lewis, R.J. (2009) Novel aD-conopeptides and their precursors identified by cDNA cloning define the D-conotoxin superfamily. Biochemistry, 48, 3717-3729. 

Eig. 5. Restriction map of the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vector used for cloning very large fragments of eukaryotic DNA. Terms defined in text... 

In general the receptor nomenclature used is consistent with the recommendations of the various International Union of Pharmacology (lUPHAR) Committee on receptor nomenclature (19,20). In some cases the human receptor has been cloned. By convention, pharmacologicaUy defined receptors are shown ia capital letters cloaed receptors ia lower case letters. 

Gene therapy uses cloned DNA in adeno or retroviral vectors to transduce host cells for longterm therapy of certain genetic disorders with defined... 

The choice of the particular upward pathway in the kinetic resolution of rac-19, that is, the specific order of choosing the sites in ISM, appeared arbitrary. Indeed, the pathway B C D F E, without utilizing A, was the first one that was chosen, and it led to a spectacular increase in enantioselectivity (Figure 2.15). The final mutant, characterized by nine mutations, displays a selectivity factor of E=115 in the model reaction [23]. This result is all the more remarkable in that only 20000 clones were screened, which means that no attempt was made to fully cover the defined protein sequence space. Indeed, relatively small libraries were screened. The results indicate the efficiency of iterative CASTing and its superiority over other strategies such as repeating cycles of epPCR. 

The first and best-studied allosteric site on GPCRs is that on the muscarinic receptor [9,10,12,19,20]. For the five subtypes of these receptors that have been cloned and pharmacologically defined as Mi to M5, various agents have been identified that allosterically regulate selectively these... 

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, also known as MXR or ABCP), first cloned from mitoxantrone and anthracycline-resistant breast and colon cancer cells [188, 189] is a half-transporter efflux pump believed to function as a homo-or hetero-dimer. Following its identification, BCRP-mediated drug resistance was observed for topoisomerase inhibitors including camptothecins [190, 191] and in-dolocarbazoles [192]. In normal tissues, BCRP was detected in placental syncytio-trophoblasts, hepatocyte canalicular membrane, apical intestinal epithelia and vascular endothelial cells [193]. These findings support the important role BCRP plays in modulating topotecan bioavailability, fetal exposure and hepatic elimination [194]. Considering that the substrates and tissue distributions for BCRP overlap somewhat with MDR1 and MRPs [195], additional studies will be required to define the relative contribution of each of these transporters in the overall and tis-... 

Variations The poly(A) tailing kit (Ambion) produces a mRNA population with varying lengths of poly(A) tails, controlled by altering poly(A) polymerase concentrations and incubation times. An alternate method to incorporate a poly(A) tail is to clone a defined stretch of adenosines/ thymidines into the > UTR of the template pDNA. To allow transcripts to finish on an adenosine, the insert should be followed by a restriction site for an enzyme that cleaves 5 of the last antisense strand thymidine, such as Nsi I. In this way, the poly (A) tail can be incorporated directly into the... 

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