Cleveland method

The open cup flash point is usually determined by the Cleveland method (ISO 2592-1973, DIN ISO 2592-1981, ASTM D 92-1978, BS 4689 1980) when higher than 79 (Fig. 3.16a). The sample is filled into the open test cup to the filling mark... 

Correction terms for the determination of open cup flash point by the Cleveland method... 

Cleveland et al. [225, 226] introduced another calibration method, which includes dimensional data but without the need to know the cantilever thickness. The Cleveland method requires knowledge of cantilever length L and width w, elastic modulus E, and density q of the cantilever material. From the measured resonance frequency Vq, one can calculate the spring constant ... 

Trinidad asphalt has a relatively uniform composition of 29% water and gas, 39% bitumen soluble in carbon disulfide, 27% mineral matter on ignition, and 5% bitumen that remains adsorbed on the mineral matter. Refining is essentially a process of dehydration by heating the cmde asphalt to ca 165°C. The refined product averages 36% mineral ash with a penetration at 25°C of about 2 (0.2 mm), a softening point (ring and ball method) of 99°C, a flash point (Cleveland open cup) of 254°C, a sulfur content of 3.3%, and a saponification value of 45 mg KOH/g. The mineral matter typically contains... 

Flash Point (ASTMD92). The Cleveland open cup method is most commonly used although the Tag open cup (ASTM D3143) is apphcable to cutbacks. Flash point is an indication of fire hazard and the test is frequendy used to indicate whether a given product has been contaminated with materials of lower dash point. 

CFFA Standard Test Methods, Chemical Films Fabrics Association, Inc. (CFFA), Cleveland, Ohio, 1984. 

K is K, just below the collectors critical micelle concentration, C,. Ko is Ki at some higher cohector concentration, C,. E is the relative effectiveness, in adsorbing cohigend, of surface cohector versus micehar collector. Generally, E > 1. F, is the surface excess of collector. More about each K is avahable [Lemhch, Adsubble Methods, in Li (ed.). Recent Developments in Separation Science, vol. 1, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1972, pp. 113-127 Jashnani and Lemlich, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 12, 312 (1973)]. 

Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. Depending on the test method used, the value of flash point temperature is either Tag Closed Cup (CC) based on ASTM D56 test method, or Cleveland Open Cup (CC) based on ASTM 093. The value provides a relative indication of the flammability of the chemical. 

The flash pt for IPN using the Abel closed cup method is 53°F while the Cleveland open cup method gives a value of 72°F. Min spont ign temp range in air on a heated brass, Al stainless steel or mild steel plate is 245—60° The following data from Ref 6 present, in tabular form, the limits of flammability of IPN vapor/air mixts over a press and temp range ... 

Separation Techniques, Academic, New York, 1972 Lemhch, Adsub-ble Methods, in li (ed.). Recent Developments in Separation Science, vol. 1, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1972, chap. 5 Grieves, Chem. Eng. J., 9, 93 (1975) Valdes-Krieg King, and Sephton, Sep. Purif Methods, 6,221 (1977) Clarke and Wilson, Foam Flotation, Marcel Deldcer, New York, 1983 and Wilson and Clarke, Bubble and Foam Separations in Waste Treatment, in Rousseau (ed.). Handbook of Separation Processes, Wiley, New York, 1987. 

In 1943, after being awarded the D.Sc. degree, Jeanloz was appointed as Research Associate, first with Meyer and then with Tadeusz Reichstein, Nobel Laureate for his work on steroid hormones. With Reichstein he studied the chemistry of deoxy sugars, some of which are constituents of these hormones, and developed3 a new method for the assay of these sugars. In 1946-1947 he spent 1 year in Canada as Research Associate at the University of Montreal, where he collaborated with D. A. Prins from the Research Division, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, in the preparation of... 

Flash Point is given in degrees Celsius, usually using a closed cup. When the method is known, the acronym appears in parentheses after the value closed cup (CC), Cleveland closed cup (CCC), open cup (OC), Tag closed cup (TCC), and Tag open cup (TOC). Because values will vary with the specific procedure employed, and many times the method was not stated, the values listed for the flash point should be considered only as indicative. See also Table 5.23, Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air. 

Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kliner, B. and Tukey, PA. (1983). Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. Duxbury Press, Boston. 

Cleveland, W.S. and McGill, R. (1985). Graphical perception and graphical methods for analyzing scientific data. Science 229 828-833. 

Flash point The flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which a substance releases ignitable flammable vapors in the presence of an ignition somce, e.g., spark or flame. Flash points may be determined by two methods Tag closed cup via American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D56 or Cleveland open cup via ASTM method D93. Unless otherwise noted, all... 

The first work on pKa determination by zone electrophoresis using paper strips was described by Waldron-Edward in 1965 (15). Also, Kiso et al. in 1968 showed the relationship between pH, mobility, and p/C, using a hyperbolic tangent function (16). Unfortunately, these methods had not been widely accepted because of the manual operation and lower reproducibility of the paper electrophoresis format. The automated capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument allows rapid and accurate pKa determination. Beckers et al. showed that thermodynamic pATt, (pATf) and absolute ionic mobility values of several monovalent weak acids were determined accurately using effective mobility and activity at two pH points (17). Cai et al. reported pKa values of two monovalent weak bases and p-aminobenzoic acid (18). Cleveland et al. established the thermodynamic pKa determination method using nonlinear regression analysis for monovalent compounds (19). We derived the general equation and applied it to multivalent compounds (20). Until then, there were many reports on pKa determination by CE for cephalosporins (21), sulfonated azo-dyes (22), ropinirole and its impurities (23), cyto-kinins (24), and so on. 

DuPont, presented at the beginning of this chapter, and Dow are the largest chemical companies in the United States. Dow Chemical Company was started by Herbert Henry Dow (1866-1930) in Canton, Ohio. Dow was a student at Case Institute in Cleveland who studied the characteristics of salt brines acquired from wells around the Great Lakes. Dow was determined to discover methods to extract chemicals from the salt brine. Rather than use the standard distillation method of his day to obtain chemicals, Dow employed electrolysis to separate... 

A. FLASH AND FIRE POINTS BY CLEVELAND OPEN CUP METHOD (COC). The Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus is described as Method 4294 (Sept 1965) of Federal Test Method Standard No 141a... 

Galex. Trade name of G A Laboratories, Inc, Box 1217, Savannah, Georgia and of National Rosin Oil Products, Inc, 1270 Ave of the Americas, NY 10020 for a stable nonoxidizing rosin consisting principally of dehydroabiecic acid It amber solid, sp gr 1.082 at 20/4°, softening p (B R Method) 66° fl p (Cleveland open cup) 210°C, fire... 

Hash and fire points by Cleveland open cup method 6 F80-F82... 

Apparatus and Procedure. Surface Isotherms. The technique for determining the n-A and AV-A curves of the lipid films has been described (6). Briefly, the Wilhelmy plate method was used to measure surface tension, from which the surface pressure was calculated (n = 7h2o—yfiim) The surface potential was measured by means of a radioactive (226Ra) air electrode and a saturated calomel electrode connected to a high impedance model 610 B Keithley electrometer (Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, Ohio). 

Tag open cup-apparatus for determining the flash point of hydrocarbon liquids, usually solvents, having flash points between -17.8° and 168°C (0° to 325°F), under test methods prescribed in ASTM D 1310. The test sample is heated in an open cup at a slow, constant rate. A small flame is passed over the cup at specified intervals. The lowest temperature at which the vapors above the sample briefly ignite is the flash point. See Cleveland open cup. 

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