Cleanliness factor

The basic price of coal at the pit is based on the coal gross calorific value, with allowances then made for the ash, sulfur and chlorine contents. The haulage charges depend on the distance from the pit to the site and on the method of delivery. Tipper-vehicle deliveries are cheaper than conveyor vehicles which, in turn, are cheaper than the pneumatic (blower) vehicles. The method of delivery will obviously be decided by a combination of space and cleanliness factors. In the case of certain customers, special agreements may be available at special rates where the annual coal consumption is large and the supplier wishes to retain the market. 

NOTE Soot blowers are typically employed only on WT boilers and may be regarded as appurtenances because boiler safety and reliability is directly related to the cleanliness of the heat transfer surfaces. Boiler performance and efficiency also depend on the same heat-transfer cleanliness factors. 

The influence of heat flux on the reduction of heat transfer coefficient for boiling aqueous solutions of calcium sulphate has been demonstrated by Jamialahmadi, Blochl and Muller-Steinhagen [1989]. Heat transfer at high heat fluxes decreases faster and to a greater extent, than at lower heat fluxes as illustrated by Fig. 8.17. On the figure the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient after 7500 minutes (ocy ) to the initial heat transfer coefficient a decreases linearly with heat flux. A ratio of this kind is sometimes referred to as the cleanliness factor. 

Station and Rolling Stock comfort / facilities / cleanliness factors... 

Well defined contact geometry and absolute cleanliness are crucial factors for a successfiil SFA experiment. Therefore, two curved sheets of mica are brought into contact in crossed-cylinder geometry. 

Handling and Safety Factors. Oxygen difluoride can be handled easily and safely in glass and in common metals such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum. Monel, and nickel, from cryogenic temperatures to 200°C (4). At higher temperatures only nickel and Monel are recommended. The compatibihty of OF2 with process equipment depends largely on the cleanliness of the equipment contaminants such as dkt, moisture, oil, grease, scale... 

The fuels Hsted in Table 2 are generally representative of fuels to be encountered over the range of industrial furnaces and, depending on the type (cooled or refractory wall), exhibit operating temperatures considerably different from adiabatic values. The choice of fuel is dependent upon a number of factors including cost, availabiUty, cleanliness, emissions, reflabiUty, and operations. Small furnaces tend to bum cleaner, easier to use fuels. Large furnaces can more effectively use coal. 

For compressors in general and for some types in particular, the cleanliness of the gas stream is the key factor in a reliable operation. Moisture or liquids in various forms may be the cause of an early failure or in some-cases a catastrophic failure. Corrosive gases require material considerations and yet even this may not entirely solve the loss of material issue that can certainly cause early shutdowns or failures and high maintenance cost. Fouling due to contaminants or reactions taking place internal to the ( i-pressor can cause capacity loss and the need for frequent shutdowns. 

The air-handling processes should be arranged to take into account the thermal, aerodynamic, and acoustic factors air quality moisture control and cleanliness and other hygiene aspects. 

ISO 9001 is not specific on what is meant by working environment . ISO 9001 only applies to product and factors that affect the product therefore working environment means the environment in which work on product is carried out. If temperature, cleanliness, humidity, electromagnetic, and other environmental factors need to be controlled to ensure conforming product then their control provides a suitable working environment. 

Many foodstuffs are in the form of solids or processed powders, and do not offer serious corrosion problems, though mild steel equipment in infrequent use, or after washing down, can develop slightly rusted surfaces. This material is usually undesirable if it finds its way into food products. Scouring batches of dry foodstuffs is one solution to the problem if stainless steel is not used or affordable. Hygiene and cleanliness are, however, dominant factors. 

Follow good experimental practice Always make comparisons with experiments performed under identical conditions. Check for reproducibility and that the experiments are not limited by such trivial factors as thermodynamics. Check for cleanliness and run blank experiments for the reactor and any inert filling material if such has been used. 

Sulfiir-anchored SAMs and thin films, mostly from organosulfiir precursors, have been discussed at length by a number of authors [10, 181]. SAMs of organosulfiir compounds (thiols, disulfides, sulfides) form on gold substrates by spontaneous adsorption from either the liquid or the vapor phase. A number of experimental factors can affect the formation and structure of SAMs such as choice of solvent, temperature, concentration, immersion time, purity of adsorbate, oxygen concentration in solution, cleanliness, and structure of the adsorbate. Interestingly, the... 

Principles and Characteristics Although early published methods using SPE for sample preparation avoided use of GC because of the reported lack of cleanliness of the extraction device, SPE-GC is now a mature technique. Off-line SPE-GC is well documented [62,63] but less attractive, mainly in terms of analyte detectability (only an aliquot of the extract is injected into the chromatograph), precision, miniaturisation and automation, and solvent consumption. The interface of SPE with GC consists of a transfer capillary introduced into a retention gap via an on-column injector. Automated SPE may be interfaced to GC-MS using a PTV injector for large-volume injection [64]. LVI actually is the basic and critical step in any SPE-to-GC transfer of analytes. Suitable solvents for LVI-GC include pentane, hexane, methyl- and ethylacetate, and diethyl or methyl-f-butyl ether. Large-volume PTV permits injection of some 100 iL of sample extract, a 100-fold increase compared to conventional GC injection. Consequently, detection limits can be improved by a factor of 100, without... 

Personnel are the main source of contaminants to drug products, and hence personnel cleanliness is an important factor (see Exhibit 9.5). Any personnel suffering from infectious diseases or having open wounds are assigned to non-GMP production activities to reduce the possibility of contamination. 

Note When the pump is on the test stand and water is used as the test fluid, seal leakage does not necessarily indicate seal performance under the specified operating conditions. Factors such as test fluid, pressure, temperature, and system cleanliness have an appreciable effect on seal leakage. 

Clearly, there is an infinite number of variations of the physical form of the catalyst which may be employed. One of the major problems is the production of a reproducible metal surface. Irreproducibility may be due to any one of a number of factors, the following being some of the more important ones (a) variations in the degree of cleanliness and state of reduction of the surface (b) variation in the degree of exposure of certain crystallographic planes (c) variation in the concentration of surface defects and (d) variation in the distribution of particle sizes. Most of these factors are not readily controllable and may not be without effect upon the rate and mechanism of the reaction being catalysed it is important, therefore, that the effects of each of the variables is assessed independently. 

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