Clean technology definition

Figure 2 Principal activities in new product introduction 1.2 A Definition of Clean Technology...

There are many definitions of clean technology, for practical purposes clean chemical manufacturing technology is the choice and organisation of synthesis route, reagents, engineering and by-product processing and disposal in order to minimise the overall environmental impact of the manufacture of the desired product. More succinctly, this can be described as, minimise the environmental impact of the auxiliaries and byproducts . This entails ... 

Summing up, a robust and easy to handle SMB-design uses 4 zones, a recycling pump fixed in respect to the columns and two pumps for the control of the outlet flow rates. Extremely high precision of all technical components of the SMB is needed. All pumps and valves have to be exactly synchronized. The flow rates should not vary by more thanl % from the preset value. All connections between the different parts of the system must be carefully optimized in order to minimize the dead volume. All columns should be stable and nearly identical in performance. If the SMB-technology is to be used in Biotechnology, GMP issues (cleaning, process and software validation) also have to be considered. In addition and as with any continuous process in that particular area, the definition of a batch could be a problem. 

The use of catalysts for exploiting renewable energy sources, producing clean fuels in refineries, and minimizing the by-product formation in industry also fall within the definition of environmental catalysis. In the future, the continuous effort to control transport emissions, improve indoor ah quality, and decontaminate polluted water and soil will further boost catalytic technology. All in all, catalysts will continue to be a valuable asset in the effort to protect human health, the natural environment, and the existence of life on Earth. 

In Table 5.2 I have compared the features of traditional fossil and nuclear power plants with those of this solar-hydrogen power plant of the future. This comparison shows that BAU (business as usual) technology is inferior even in the short run. This data shows that there is no clean fossil or safe nuclear power and that mankind must fully convert to a renewable energy economy, in the shortest possible time, but definitely not later than the end of this century. 

There have been numerous advances in the area of remote data acquisition. Data can be collected at the site via an electronic CRF or a hand held electronic device. These data can then be transmitted back to the sponsoring company and batch loaded into the sponsor s clinical trial database. Remote data entry technology currently allows for the easy definition and distribution of the electronic CRFs to the investigator site. Some online cleaning can be performed as the data are entered before transmission to the sponsor site, where additional quality checks are applied and transmitted back to the investigator site. This iterative process allows for collection and generally... 

Note of the author The above ASTM procedure indicated (1. Scope) that the test method is not intended for use on wet surfaces. This follows from the definition of the static coefficient of friction according to which the two surfaces should be in direct contact with each other, and nothing, including water, should be between them, on the interface. Therefore, by NBS definition (US National Bureau of Standards, now National Institnte of Standards and Technology), all static friction meters mnst be nsed on dry, clean snrfaces. Formally, static coefficient of friction cannot be determined on a wet deck. That is why the ASTM standard F 1679, described below, and applicable to wet snrfaces, does not mention coefficient of friction, but only slip resistance and slip index. 

Cabeza A, Urtiaga AM, Ortiz I (2007) Definition of a clean process for the treatment of landfill leachates integration of electrooxidation and ion exchange technologies. Sep Sci Technol 42 1585-1596... 

---