Clean fuels, production

See also Fluidized-bed entries Fluid-bed direct oxidation process, 10 656 Fluid-bed dryers, 9 122-123, 130-131 two-stage, 9 125 Fluid-bed roasters, 16 141 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), 11 678-699, 700-734 18 651, 653 20 777 24 257, 271. See also FCC entries Fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) clean fuels production and, 11 686-689 defined, 11 700... 

Thus, industry has a major challenge to develop new catalysts and processes for future clean-fuel production. In the following discussion, we review the state of knowledge of present-day catalyst compositions and surface chemistry and of mechanistic reaction pathways to aid in identifying where improvements can be made in catalyst composition and process configurations. 

Hallale, N. and F. Liu, Efficient Refinery Hydrogen Management for Clean Fuels Production, presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Los Angeles (2000). 

With growing concerns over climate change caused by manmade emissions, advances and additional investments may be needed to capture and store carbon dioxide produced during synthetic ultra-clean fuels production. To avoid emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, CO2 can be concentrated, captured, and permanently stored. However, capture and storage technologies are still relatively new and additional testing and development are needed to prove this technology. 

Clean Fuels Production Using Plasma Energy Pyrolysis System... 

The material explained in this book is necessary for the development of novel configurations that can revolutionize certain critical processes, especially in the field of clean fuel production. 

The exacting Hst of specification requirements for aviation gas turbine fuels and the constraints imposed by deUvering clean fuel safely from refinery to aircraft are the factors that affect the economics. Compared with other distillates such as diesel and burner fuels, kerosene jet fuels are narrow-cut specialized products, and usually command a premium price over other distillates. The prices charged for jet fuels tend to escalate with the basic price of cmde, a factor which seriously underrnined airline profits during the Persian Gulf war as cmde prices increased sharply. 

FIG. 27-5 The production of clean fuels from coal, (Based on Bodle, K Vyas, and A. Talwalker, Clean Fuels from Coal Symposium II, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, 1975.)... 

The new law also establishes a clean fuel car pilot program in California, requiring the phase-in of tighter emission limits for 150,000 vehicles in model year 1996 and 300,000 by the model year 1999. These standards can be met with any combination of vehicle technology and cleaner fuels. The standards become even stricter in 2001. Other states can opt in to this program, though only through incentives, not sales or production mandates. 

Dixson, S., Quality products, in The Importance of Conversion Processes in Oil Refining and their Role in the Production of Clean Fuels. 2006. IFP - Rueil-Malmaison, 20-22 June OAPEC-IFP JOINT SEMINAR. 

Walia, D. S., and Srivastava, K. C., Biological production of humic acid and clean fuels from coal. Patent No. US5670345. 1997, Sep. 23. 

New equipment is developed, tested, and implemented in a demonstration facility to produce clean biosyngas for vehicle fuel production. This facility, the 18 MWth Varnamo plant, is to be reconstructed so as to enable the production of around 7000 mn/h biosyngas. The facility is depicted in Figure 6.8. 

Recently, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis regained much attention mainly due to the (political) desire for cleaner fuels and the potential shortage of crude oil. Therefore, research activity is focusing on the development of improved reactor concepts as well as on novel and promising catalysts for an economic production of clean fuels via FTS. 

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