Clays as Hard Template

Sonobe et al. reported the preparation of carbon materials using the interlamellar spaces of montmorillonite as template and polyacrylonitrile, poly(furfuryl alcohol) and poly(vinyl acetate) as carbon precur-They found that carbon precursors were easily graphitised and the obtained carbon materials were two-dimensional film-like graphite, consisting of highly oriented layer planes, which were stacked thin and wide. Kyotani et al. produced carbons from poly(furfuryl 

Pillared clays, layered silicates whose sheets have been permanently propped open by thermally stable molecular props, were used as templates to load various organic precursors.The pore diameters of resulting carbon materials range from 8 to 22 A, and the mass fractal dimension varies from 2.5 to 2.9, which are accessible to lithium ions when the intercalation process takes place in a lithium secondary battery. An approach to pyrolyse aromatic hydrocarbons such as pyrene within a pillared clay was also reported, in which the pillared clay serves two functions.It acts as the inorganic template around which the carbon can be formed, and it also functions as an acid catalyst to promote condensation of the aromatics similar to the Scholl reaction. The resulting carbon materials have pore sizes from 15 to 50 

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Several reviews covering the synthesis, properties and applications of porous carbons, especially mesoporous carbon materials, can be found in the literature. In this chapter, we summarise the recent developments in the synthesis and characterisation of templated porous carbon materials. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of structurally ordered porous carbon materials with narrow pore size distribution via both hard and soft template methods. We especially emphasise those so-called breakthroughs in the preparation of porous carbon materials. The chapter is divided into three sections according to the pore size of carbon materials we first consider the synthesis of microporous carbon materials using zeolites and clays as hard template, then summarise the preparation of mesoporous carbon materials via both hard template and self-assembly... 

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