Classification of monomers

The present review has the following structure. In Sect. 2, the properties of amphiphilic monomers are discussed and a special classification of monomer units according to interfacial and partition properties is described. Also, the possibility of nanostructure formation in polymers composed of amphiphilic monomers is touched upon. This topic is more broadly treated in Sect. 3, where conformational properties of a key class of water-soluble polymers are... 

The interactions of double bond electrons with substituents strongly depend on the type of mutually interacting electrons. This criterion may be used for the classification of monomer reactivity [118], and three groups can be defined interactions n—[Pg.54]

The classification of monomers according to the character of vinyl group-substituent conjugation makes possible a deeper analysis of experimentally found kinetic data and a more detailed analysis of the addition mechanism. 

Table 17. Classification of Monomers for Radical Heterophase Polymerizations...

The other structural parameters, such as the ester group content, the presence, nature, and position of substituents on monomer units, and the number and nature of comonomers, are of less importance and do not modify this classification of hnear polyesters. 

Table 1. Classification of different types of monomers for synthesis of hyperbranched polymers...

The chemical and physical properties of the polymers obtained by these alternate methods are identical, except insofar as they are affected by differences in molecular weight. In order to avoid the confusion which would result if classification of the products were to be based on the method of synthesis actually employed in each case, it has been proposed that the substance be referred to as a condensation polymer in such instances, irrespective of whether a condensation or an addition polymerization process was used in its preparation. The cyclic compound is after all a condensation product of one or more bifunctional compounds, and in this sense the linear polymer obtained from the cyclic intermediate can be regarded as the polymeric derivative of the bifunctional monomer(s). Furthermore, each of the polymers listed in Table III may be degraded to bifunctional monomers differing in composition from the structural unit, although such degradation of polyethylene oxide and the polythioether may be difficult. Apart from the demands of any particular definition, it is clearly desirable to include all of these substances among the condensation... 

The hazards of a rigid classification of substances which may modify the course of a free radical polymerization are well illustrated by the examples of inhibitors and retarders which have been cited. The distinction between an inhibitor or retarder, on the one hand, and a co-monomer or a transfer agent, on the other, is not sharply defined. Moreover, if the substance is a free radical, it is potentially either an initiator or an inhibitor, and it may perform both functions as in the case of triphenylmethyl. If the substance with which the chain radicals react is a molecule rather than a radical, three possibilities may arise (i) The adduct radicals may be completely unreactive toward monomer. They must then disappear ultimately through mutual interaction, and we have a clear-cut case of either inhibition or retarda-... 

AMPS-containing, 23 722 block, 7 645-650 characterization, 7 655-659 classification in terms of monomer sequence distribution, 7 608t compatibilization efficiency of, 20 335-336 graft, 7 650-654 in high bulk yarns, 11 213 hyperbranched, 7 654-655 IUPAC source-based classification, 7 698t... 

Table Chemical Classification of Polymers Monomer structure Polymer...

The tables are not exhaustive and include only typical and common examples of monomers/repeat units and polymers named after them. Many number of polymers are derived from vinyl unit. Besides this, a general classification as polyesters,... 

Some aspects of the sequence classification of esterases need clarification [87]. In the case of ES4, two separate forms were purified and found to have virtually identical specificity and chemical properties. The enzymes ES8 and ES10 appear to be a monomer and a dimer, respectively, of the same enzyme, and ES9 is probably a combination of ES7 and ES8/10 [88]. For esterase ESI5, different p/ values have been reported by different authors. 

Since the unit —(-NH-CHR-CO-) is obtained from a single monomer unit, it is a homopolymer. On the basis of molecular forces present between the chains of various polymers, the classification of pol3aners is given as follows. 

Beyond the gel point, the bonds Issuing from a monomer unit can have finite or Infinite continuation. If the continuation Is finite, the Issuing subtree Is also only finite If the continuation Is Infinite, the unit Is bound via this bond to the "infinite" gel. The classification of bonds with respect to whether they have finite or Infinite continuation enables a relatively detailed statistical description of the gel structure. The probability of finite continuation of a bond Is called the extinction probability. The extinction probability Is obtained In a simple way from the distribution of units In generation g>0. This distribution Is obtained from the distribution of units In the root g-0 (for more details see Ref. 6). 

In addition to the classification of liquid chromatographic enantioseparation methods by technical description, these methods could further be classified according to the chemical structure of the diverse CSPs. The chiral selector moiety varies from large molecules, based on natural or synthetic polymers in which the chirality may be based on chiral subunits (monomers) or intrinsically on the total structure (e.g., helicity or chiral cavity), to low molecular weight molecules which are irreversibly and/or covalently bound to a rigid hard matrix, most often silica gel. 

The proceeding classification of polymerization reactions concentrates essentially on the organic chemical character of the involved monomers... 

Following this concept six different types of polymers (Fig. 1) are conceivable. So far the characterization is related to the linkage of the monomer units within the polymer backbone, related to the classification of conventional l-l.c. s. A further important differentiation has to be considered with respect to the constitution of the polymer main chain. Three different types must be considered ... 

In Refs. [24,25], a two-dimensional thermodynamic classification of nonionic monomers was proposed, which took into account three possible preferential locations of a monomer unit (location either in the hydrophilic or the hydrophobic phase or at the interface between them). The proposed classification incorporates gradations by affinity to polar and nonpolar phases and by interfacial activity (Fig. 3). 

Recent studies showed that amphiphilic properties have to be taken into account for most water-soluble monomer units when their behavior in water solutions is considered. The amphiphilic properties of monomer units lead to an anisotropic shape of the polymer structures formed under appropriate conditions, which is confirmed both by computer simulation and experimental investigations. The concept of amphiphilicity applied to the monomer units leads to a new classification based on the interfacial and partitioning properties of the monomers. The classification in question opens a broad prospective for predicting properties of polymer systems with developed interfaces (i.e., micelles, polymer globules, fine dispersions of polymer aggregates). The relation between the standard free energy of adsorption and partition makes it possible to estimate semiquantitatively the distribution between the bulk and the interface of monomers and monomer units in complex polymer systems. 

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