Civilian objects

Additional Protocol II—although applicable with a threshold of control for armed groups—attempts to supplement these provisions and elaborates in Article 14 that the starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. The civilian objects indispensible to the survival of the population must be respected, regardless of who in fact controls a part of the territory. Subsequently, concerning the provision of relief through external sources. Article 18 APII provides that ... 

Article 57 of Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions contained detailed provisions on the precautions to be observed in the conduct of military operations to spare the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects. These are now reflected in Article 7 of the Protocol. This requires Parties to the conflict. 

Incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects. 

The general public has great difficulty with the concept of acceptable risk. The major objection is due to the involuntary nature of acceptable risk. Chemical plant designers who specify the acceptable risk are assuming that these risks are satisfactory to the civilians living near the plant. Frequently these civilians are not aware that there is any risk at all. 

The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (Federal Bureau of Investigation 1999)... 

Previously published civilian studies of drug effects on performance over time did not give this problem much consideration, and usually included only 1-3 practice trials. In some cases, improvement by the time of recovery was indeed evident, but for the investigators it was usually not a matter of great concern since the objectives of their studies were usually limited to showing a statistically significant rather than a precise degree of impairment. 

Qualitative Development Requirements Information (QDRI). Information concerning items of Ordnance which will require future development. This information is furnished by class II Ordnance installations having a research and development mission to civilian organizations properly qualified by Ordnance Districts Qualitative Materiel Development Objective (QMDO). A Department of the Army approved statement of a military need for development of new materiel, the feasibility of which cannot be determined sufficiently to establish a qualitative materiel requirement... 

Tactical-military triage is similar to disaster triage, only military mission objectives rather than traditional civilian guidelines drive the triage and transport decisions. 

Even if a convention against chemical warfare were possible of enforcement in war, on what real grounds is such an action detirable Three objections to chemical warfare have been urged by thoee opposed to it (1), that it Is inhumane (2) that it cannot be controlled and confined to armies in the field, but v ] run wild and decimate noneombatants and civilian populations generally (S), that it is unsportsmanlike. 

The experience of lJ e liVorld War and the results of extensive postwar experimentation have also shown the fallacy of the second objection— that chemical combat cannot be controlled and confined to the battlefield. Indeed, this evidence is so coin ineiiig, it may be safely said that the only danger to noucombatants and civilian populations from chemical warfare lies in the detiberaU application of chemical wcaimns to such uses. Ill this respect there is no more to be feared from chemicals than from f xplosives and other weapons so misused. 

Cost/Benefit Studies. Two studies by Mathematica, Inc., are among the current best efforts to assess programs intended to create or facilitate the secondary application of Federally-sponsored R D in the civilian economy (If , 17). The two studies are quite clearly operational assessments in that they develop data on the costs and benefits of secondary applications of NASA technology, but do not address the question of the value of alternative government roles or strategies for achieving the same objective. 

Objectives of Future Research for Military and Civilian Populations... 

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